HAM Menurut Pandangan Islam dan Barat

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A.    Latar Belakang

Hak asasi manusia atau biasa disingkat HAM merupakan sebuah hal yang menjadi keharusan dari sebuah negara untuk menjaminnya dalam konstitusinya. Melalui deklarasi universal ham 10 desember 1948 merupakan tonggak bersejarah berlakunya penjaminan hak mengenai manusia sebagai manusia. Sejarah HAM dimulai dari magna charta di inggris pada tahun 1252 yang kemudian kemudian berlanjut pada bill of rights dan kemudian berpangkal pada DUHAM PBB. Dalam konteks keIndonesiaan penegakan HAM masih bisa dibilang kurang memuaskan. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan penegakan HAM di Indonesia terhambat seperti problem politik, dualisme peradilan dan prosedural acara (kontras, 2004;160).

Hak Asasi Manusia ( HAM ) adalah hak dasar atau hak pokok yang dibawa manusia sejak lahir sebagai anugerah Tuhan yang Maha Esa. Sedangkan menurut Meriam Budiardjo menegaskan bahwa hak asasi manusia sebagai hak yang dimiliki manusia yang telah diperoleh dan di bawanya bersamaan dengan kelahiran atau kehadirannya di dalam masyarakat.

Agama Islam yang mulia telah mengatur seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia menuju kebahagian dunia dan akherat. Namun banyak orang yang tidak mengetahuinya dan banyak pula yang enggan menerimanya dengan dalih-dalih yang beraneka ragam banyaknya.

Dalam kajian singkat ini kita mencoba menjelaskan permasalahan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Pandangan Islam dan pandangan Barat.

B.      Rumusan Masalah

Beberapa yang menjadi topik sentral permasalahan dalam makalah ini yang akan dibahas adalah:

1.      Pengertian Hak Asasi Manusia

2.      Hak Asasai Manusia tinjauan Barat

3.      Hak Asasi Manusia tinjauan Islam

C.     Tujuan

Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pengertian dan pandangan Hak Asasi Manusia menurut pandangan Barat dan Islam.

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

1.      HAK ASASI MANUSIA

Hak asasi manusia (HAM) adalah hak dasar atau hak pokok yang manusia dibawa sejak lahir sebagai anugerah Tuhan yang maha esa. Sedangkan menurut Meriam Budiardjo menegaskan bahwa hak asasi manusia sebagai hak yang dimiliki manusia yang telah diperoleh dan di bawanya bersamaan dengan kelahiran atau kehadirannya di dalam masyarakat.

Secara Definitif hak merupakan unsure nominatif yang berfungsi sebagai pedoman berperilaku, melindungi kebebasan, kekebalan serta menjamin adanya peluang bagi manusia dalam menjaga harkat dan martabatnya.

Dalam Pasal 1 Undang-undang No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang HAM disebutkan bahwa “Hak Asasi Manusia ( HAM ) adalah seperangkat hak yang melekat pada hakekatnya dan keberadaan manusia sebagai mahluk Tuhan yang Maha Esa, dan merupakan Anugerah-Nya yang wajib dihormati, di junjung tinggi dan di lindungi oleh Negara, hukum, pemerintah dan setiap orang, demi kehormatan serta perlindungan harkat dan martabat manusia.

2.      HAK ASASI MANUSIA TINJAUAN BARAT

Setelah perang dunia kedua, mulai tahun 1946, disusunlah rancangan piagam hak-hak asasi manusia oleh organisasi kerja sama untuk sosial ekonomi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa yang terdiri dari 18 anggota. PBB membentuk komisi hak asasi manusia (commission of human right). Sidangnya dimulai pada bulan januari 1947 di bawah pimpinan Ny. Eleanor Rossevelt. Baru 2 tahun kemudian, tanggal 10 Desember 1948 Sidang Umum PBB yang diselenggarakan di Istana Chaillot, Paris menerima baik hasil kerja panitia tersebut. Karya itu berupa UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS atau Pernyataan Sedunia tentang Hak – Hak Asasi Manusia, yang terdiri dari 30 pasal. Dari 58 Negara yang terwakil dalam sidang umum tersebut, 48 negara menyatakan persetujuannya, 8 negara abstain, dan 2 negara lainnya absen. Oleh karena itu, setiap tanggal 10 Desember diperingati sebagai hari Hak Asasi Manusia.

Ini semua muncul sebagai ungkapan keinginan menyatukan manusia dan hak-hak asasi manusia dalam masyarakat internasional yang merasakan akibat buruk peperangan. Sebelumnya dunia barat sangat tidak perduli dengan HAM sampai membuat mereka terbelakang dan mundur sekali. Sampai pada 15 Juni 1215M muncullah piagam MAGNA CHARTA dimasa kesewenangan raja inggris yang bernama John Lackland. Waktu itu para bangsawan merasa tidak puas dan berhasil memaksa raja John untuk menandatangani perjanjian yang mereka namakan Magna Charta atau Piagam Agung.

Namun piagam ini hanya memuat pembatasan kekuasaan raja dan hak asasi manusia lebih penting daripada kedaulatan raja. Tak seorang pun dari warga negara merdeka dapat ditahan atau dirampas harta kekayaannya atau diasingkan atau dengan cara apapun dirampas hak-haknya, kecuali berdasarkan pertimbangan hukum. Piagam Magna Charta itu menandakan kemenangan telah diraih sebab hak-hak tertentu yang prinsip telah diakui dan dijamin oleh pemerintah. Piagam tersebut menjadi lambang munculnya perlindungan terhadap hak-hak asasi karena ia mengajarkan bahwa hukum dan undang-undang derajatnya lebih tinggi daripada kekuasaan raja.

Revolusi Amerika dengan Declaration of Independence-nya tanggal 4 Juli 1776, suatu deklarasi kemerdekaan yang diumumkan secara aklamasi oleh 13 negara bagian, merupakan pula piagam hak–hak asasi manusia karena mengandung pernyataan “Bahwa sesungguhnya semua bangsa diciptakan sama derajat oleh Maha Pencipta. Bahwa semua manusia dianugerahi oleh Penciptanya hak hidup, kemerdekaan, dan kebebasan untuk menikmati kebahagiaan.”

Declaration of Independence di Amerika Serikat menempatkan Amerika sebagai negara yang memberi perlindungan dan jaminan hak-hak asasi manusia dalam konstitusinya, kendatipun secara resmi rakyat Perancis sudah lebih dulu memulainya sejak masa Rousseau. Kesemuanya atas jasa presiden Thomas Jefferson. Presiden Amerika Serikat lainnya yang terkenal sebagai “pendekar” hak asasi manusia adalah Abraham Lincoln, kemudian Woodrow Wilson dan Jimmy Carter. Amanat Presiden Flanklin D. Roosevelt tentang “empat kebebasan” yang diucapkannya di depan Kongres Amerika Serikat tanggal 6 Januari 1941 yakni :

1.       Kebebasan untuk berbicara dan melahirkan pikiran (freedom of speech and expression).

2.       Kebebasan memilih agama sesuai dengan keyakinan dan kepercayaannya( freedom of religion)

3.      Kebebasan dari rasa takut (freedom from fear).

4.      Kebebasan dari kekurangan dan kelaparan (freedom from want).

Sedangkan perjuangan hak asasi manusia di Prancis dirumuskan dalam suatu naskah pada awal Revolusi Prancis. Hak Asasi yang tersimpul dalam deklarasi itu antara lain :

1.      Manusia dilahirkan merdeka dan tetap merdeka.

2.      Manusia mempunyai hak yang sama.

3.      Manusia merdeka berbuat sesuatu tanpa merugikan pihak lain.

4.      Warga Negara mempunyai hak yang sama dan mempunyai kedudukan serta   pekerjaan umum.

5.      Manusia tidak boleh dituduh dan ditangkap selain menurut undang-undang.

6.      Manusia mempunai kemerdekaan agama dan kepercayaan.

7.      Manusia merdeka mengeluarkan pikiran.

8.      Adanya kemerdekaan surat kabar.

9.      Adanya kemerdekaan bersatu dan berapat.

10.  Adanya kemerdekaan berserikat dan berkumpul.

11.  Adanya kemerdekaan bekerja,berdagang, dan melaksanakan kerajinan.

12.  Adanya kemerdekaan rumah tangga.

13.  Adanya kemerdekaan hak milik.

14.  Adanya kemedekaan lalu lintas.

15.  Adanya hak hidup dan mencari nafkah.

3.       HAK ASASI MANUSIA TINJAUAN ISLAM

Pada dasarnya, semua Rasul dan Nabi Allah adalah pejuang-pejuang penegak hak  asasi manusia yang paling gigih. Mereka tidak hanya sekedar membawa serangkaian pernyataan akan hak-hak asasi manusia sebagaimana termuat dalam Kitab-kitab Suci, seperti Zabur, Taurat, Injil, dan al-Qur’an, akan tetapi sekaligus memperjuangkannya dengan penuh kesungguhan dan pengorbanan.

Dalam hubungan dengan HAM, dari ajaran pokok tentang  hablum min Alllah dan hablum min na-nas, muncul dua konsep hak, yakni hak manusia  (haq al -insan) dan hak Allah. Setiap hak saling melandasi satu sama lain. Hak Allah melandasi hak manusia dan juga sebaliknya. Konsep Islam mengenai kehidupan manusia ini didasarkan pada pendekatan teosentris atau yang menempatkan Allah melalui ketentuan syari at-Nya sebagai tolok ukur tentang baik buruk tatanan kehidupan manusia baik sebagai pribadi maupun sebagai warga masyarakat atau warga negara.

Oleh karena itu, konsep Islam tentang HAM berpijak pada Tauhid, yang pada dasarnya di dalamnya  mengandung ide persamaan dan persaudaraan manusia yang oleh Harun Nasution disebut sebagai ide perkemaklukan. Ide perikemakhlukan memuat nilai-nilai kemanusiaan dalam arti sempit. Ide perikemakhlukan mengandung makna bahwa manusia tidak boleh sewenang­wenang terhadap sesama makhluk termasuk juga pada binatang dan alam sekitar.

Berdasarkan tingkatannya, Islam mengajarkan tiga bentuk hak asasi manusia, yaitu:

1.      Hak  darury (hak dasar). Sesuatu dianggap hak dasar apabila hak tersebut dilanggar, bukan hanya mernbuat manusia sengsara, tetapi juga hilang eksistensinya, bahkan hilang harkat kemanusiaannya, misalnya mati.

2.      Hak  hajy (hak sekunder), yakni hak-hak yang bila tidak dipenuhi akan berakibat pada hilangnya hak-hak elementer, misalnya hak seseorang untuk memperoleh sandang pangan yang layak, maka akan rnengakibatkan hilangnya hak hidup.

3.      Hak  tahsiny, yakni hak yang tingkatannya lebih rendah dari hak primer dan sekunder.

Dengan demikian, HAM dalam Islam lebih dulu muncul. Tepatnya, Ma­gna Charta tercipta 600 tahun setelah kedatangan Islam. Di samping nilai–nilai dasar dan prinsip-prinsip HAM itu ada dalam sumber ajaran Islam, yakni Al-­Qur’an dan Hadis, juga terdapat dalam praktik-praktik kehidupan Islam. Tonggak sejarah keberpihakan Islam terhadap HAM yaitu pendeklarasian Piagam Madinah yang dilanjutkan dengan deklarasi Kairo.

Dalam Piagam Madinah, paling tidak ada dua ajaran pokok yang berhu­bungan dengan HAM, yaitu pemeluk Islam adalah satu umat walaupun mereka berbeda suku bangsa; dan hubungan antara komunitas muslim dengan nonmuslim didasarkan pada prinsip:

1.      Berinteraksi secara baik dengan sesama tetangga;       

2.      Saling membantu dalam menghadapi musuh bersama;

3.      Membela mereka yang teraniaya;

4.       Saling menasehati;

5.       Menghormati kebebasan beragama.

Islam sejak jauh-jauh hari mengajarkan bahwa pandangan Allah semua manusia adalah sama derajat. Yang membedakan manusia adalah tingkat kesadaran moralitasnya, yang dalam perspektif Islam disebut “nilai ketaqwaannya”. Apalagi, manusia diciptakan untuk merepresentasikan dan melaksanakan ajaran Allah di muka bumi, sudah barang tentu akan semakin memperkuat pelaksanaan HAM.

HAM dan Umat Islam Indonesia

            Implementasi HAM di Indonesia mengikuti iklim politik yang berjalan. Politik di Indonesia bukanlah politik Islam. Namun demikian, dalam banyak hal nilai-nilai Islam masuk ke dalam semangat perundangan dan peraturan negara.

Terkait dengan toleransi, kerukunan beragama, dan penolakan terhadap terorisme, umat Islam Indonesia sebagaimana diwakili oleh ormas-ormas Islam (Muhammadiyah, NU, Persis, Al-Irsyad, dan lain-lain) memiliki sikap yang jelas. Umat Islam Indonesia mendukung toleransi, mengutuk terorisme, mengembangkan kebajikan-kebajikan sosial, dan aktif dalam program pemberdayaan perempuan dan pengentasan kemiskinan melalui unit-unit organisasi di bawahnya.

Parameter Identitas Nasional

Jumat, 15 Maret 2013

 Indikator identitas nasional itu antara lain:

1. Pola perilaku yang nampak dalam kegiatan masyarakat:  adat-istiadat, tata kelakuan, kebiasaan.
2. Lambang-lambang yang menjadi ciri bangsa dan negara: bendera, bahasa, lagu kebangsaan.
3. Alat perlengkapan yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan: bangunan, peralatan manusia, dan teknologi. 
4. Tujuan yang dicapai suatu bangsa: budaya unggul, prestasi di bidang tertentu.   

Unsur-unsur pembentuk identitas nasional berdasarkan ukuran parameter sosiologis, yaitu:

1. Suku bangsa, 
2. Kebudayaan,
3. Bahasa,
4. Kondisi georafis.

Kewarganegaraan

1. Kewarganegaraan merupakan keanggotaan seseorang dalam kontrol satuan politik tertentu (secara khusus: negara) yang dengannya membawa hak untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan politik.
2. Seseorang dengan keanggotaan yang demikian disebut warga Negara.
3. Dengan status warganegara, maka setiap orang  adalah subyek hokum yang mempunyai hak dan kewajiban yang sama.
4. Penduduk yang menghuni suatu negara disebut warganegara.
5. Dahulu penduduk disebut kawula atau hamba, tetapi bersamaan dengan diterimanya konsep negate di abad ke-19, disebut warganegara.
6. Dengan status warganegara, maka setiap orang adalah subyek hukum yang mempunyai hak dan kewjiban yang sama.
7. Warganegara: adalah penduduk yang memiliki hubungan dengan konstitusi dimanapun dia berada.
8. Pengertian ini mengandung makna, orang  sebagai subyek yang ikut menentukan ada tidaknya negara.
9. Makna lain adalah adanya nilai kemerdekaan manusia atas dominasi negara.
10. Kewarganegaraan merupakan bagian dari konsep kewargaan (citizenship)
11. Dibawah teori kontrak social, status kewarganegaraan memilili implikasi hak dan kewajiban.

Negara Indonesia

1. Indonesia adalah salah satu negara di dunia dari 193 negara anggota PBB.
2. Indonesia adalah negara medeka, yaitu bebes mandiri, dan tidak dibawah kekuasaan atau kendali negara lain.
3. Indonesia berpernduduk no.4 di dunia, setelah China, India, Amerika, yaitu sekitar 241 juta jiwa.

Simple Sentence

Kawan pada kesmpatan kali saya ingin berbagi contoh simple sentence, disini saya tidak memberi penjelasannya saya hanya memberikan contoh kalimatnya saja. Ini adalah contoh kalimat yang dibuat oleh teman kampus saya. Oke tidak usah panjang lebar, silahkan....

1.     Simple sentences with 1S + 1V

o   He always calls his girl friend every night.

o   My best friend has gone to abroad twice.

2.     Simple sentences with 1S + 2V

o   At the same time yesterday, my friends were singing and dancing in Agus’ house.

o   My two friends always play game and sing a song every Sunday in our room.

3.     Simple sentences with 2S + 1V

o   His uncle and his father were going to New Zealand at 07 o’clock this morning.

o   She and he have met their teacher four times in this class.

4.     Simple sentences with 2S + 2V

o   Jhon and his child will buy old car and will sell it to the showroom tomorrow.

o   My mother and my father always cook and eat Pecel together every day in the kitchen.




Created by - Bustanul firdaus

IN TENNIS COURT

One day in hall of badminton there are two man, they are meeting at the tennis court.

Adnan  : Hey, Ki! Good day!

Rizki  : Good afternoon, Adnan!

Adnan  : How are you doing Rizki?

Rizki : Not bad, what are you doing here, Adnan?

Adnan  : I would like to play badminton, so I’m here. How about you ?

Rizki  : I do too. It’s my hobby, I usally come here twice a week. How
                many times you come Here in a week?

Adnan  : This is my first time in here, before this I play near my house.

Rizki  : Hey Nan, what’s your hobby beside badminton?

Adnan  : I like travel. I like travel to the green place because it’s so make me
         
                relax. How about you, Rizki?

Rizki  : I like listen music, almost all my time waste by listen music, I like
             Linking  Park’s song  It’s so beautiful.

Adnan : Oh I do too, I like linkin’ park, we have a same thing. Let’s play
             badminton!

Rizki  : O.k. let’s play

THE STORY OF IMAM MAHDI

The Imam, The Guided One, The Promised Deliverer,
The Final Caliph from the Quraysh, The Deputy of Allah
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) has prophesied about several events that will occur just before the advent of the Day of Judgment.  Among these, Rasulullah (SAW) has foretold the advent of one of his descendants, the Mahdi (the guided one), which will materialize when the believers are severely oppressed in every corner of the world.  He will fight the oppressors, unite the Muslims, bring peace and justice to the world, rule over the Arabs, and lead a prayer in Mecca at which 'Eessa (Jesus) will be present.
Throughout the history of Islam, a few individuals -- driven either by the desperate state of Muslims in their community or a selfish pursuit of power and prestige -- laid claim to being the Mahdi or found a following among the uninformed masses, looking for salvation from the heavens.  For some of these individuals (like Bab of Iran or Mirza Ghulam of India) the claim to being the Mahdi was just a stepping stone to the development of heretic sects which broke away from the fold of Islam.  Thus, it is at least prudent to visit the facts of this prophecy and avoid falling pray to false claimants that will appear from time to time.
Among the major signs of the Day of Judgment is the advent of the Mahdi. The Messenger of Allah (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) predicted the coming of the Mahdi towards the end of this worldly existence, i.e. just before The Day of Judgment.
Hazrat Abu Hurayrah (radiyallahu anhu) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:
"If only one day is left for the end of the world, Allah will lengthen that day until a man from my family, whose name will be the same as mine, rules the world.” (Tirmizi Shareef)
This indicates the emphasis, which The Holy Messenger of Allah Sallallahu alayhi wasallam laid on the coming of the Mahdi. This page contains many details about the life and advent of the Mahdi, and all these facts are derived from authentic sayings on this topic.
There is much speculation nowadays on whether the Mahdi has already been born and if so, what would be his present age, and when the impending appearance. Some Ulama have claimed that he is already born. However, Muslims should realize that mere speculation does not represent concrete evidence upon which any firm and clear-cut ruling could be based. Hence, the best course of action is to believe that the Mahdi will appear before the Day of Judgment, but exactly when, only Allah knows. The exact date and time of his arrival we leave to The Knowledge of Allah. However, the Messenger of Allah (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) did give certain signs, which will herald the arrival of this great Imam. The sayings on this issue leave no room for rejecting or even doubting the coming of the Mahdi. Neither do the facts leave us in the dark as to recognizing this great Imam when he eventually does arrive.
The term "MAHDI" is a title meaning "Guided one". The Mahdi is a normal man who is going to follow the true Islam. His name will be Muhammad and his father's name will be Abdullah. He is a descendant from Ali and Fatima (daughter of the prophet Muhammad) so he will be descendant from Hasan or Hussein or both. The Mahdi will be very just and his capital will be Damascus. The Mahdi is NOT a prophet but he is the final Rightly Guided Khalifa from the Quraysh. He will lead Muslims to a great victory against the Sufyaani, as well as others like him, in six years, thus establishing his rule over the region. Following this would be the Great war, which will end up with a great victory for the Muslims against the Romans after six years. Muslims would take over their capital, Rome (this can be any city) without the use of a single weapon. In the following year, the Dajjal (false Messiah) will appear and a greater war will start between his followers and the believers  for 40 days (longer that usual days) and will end when 'Eessa ("Jesus") will come and slay the Dajjal along with his followers. All the remaining people (those that did not follow the Dajjal) will embrace Islam, and the Mahdi, with 'Eessa, would rule the whole world with equity and justice for seven years thereafter, during which peace would prevade.

DETAILS OF THE MAHDI
The following are facts taken from the sayings of the Messenger of Allah( Sallallahu alayhi wasallam):
Name and Title
His name will be the same as that of The Messenger of Allah (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam), i.e. Muhammad. In addition, his father's name will be Abdullah. His title is the-Mahdi, meaning the guided one. The Holy Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wasallam also called him Khaleefatullah, meaning "Deputy of Allah".
FAMILY LINEAGE
The Mahdi will belong to the tribe of Qurayish and will be a sayyid (chief), descending from the family of Fatima, the offspring of Hasan son of 'Ali, son of Abu Talib. His father's name will be Abdullah.
CHARACTER                                                                                                  
He will have the character and morals of the Messenger of Allah (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam). In one night Allah will grant him unique qualities of faith, piety, leadership and knowledge, hence the title Mahdi.
 Narrated Ali ibn Abu Talib:
Abu Is-haq told that Ali looked at his son Hasan and said: "This son of mine is a sayyid (chief) as named by the Prophet :saws:, and from his loins will come forth a man who will be called by the name of your Prophet :saws: and resemble him in conduct but not in appearance." He then mentioned the story about his filling the earth with justice.
(Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 36, No. 4276A)
 BIRTHPLACE
 He will be born in Medina Shareef.
PHYSICAL FEATURES
He will be tall with a fair complexion, having a broad forehead and an aquiline nose, with a mole on his right cheek. His face will be like a glittering star and his body will be like that of the people of Israel. He will have a slight stutter in his speech, as a result at times he will hit his thigh with his palm.
SIGNS BEFORE HIS APPEARANCE AS THE MAHDI
Before the appearance of the Mahdi, the world will be filled with a great amount of injustice and oppression. There will be widespread evil in which all people will be heavily involved. Throughout the world, earthquakes would occur frequently, corruption would be rampant, innocent people would be massacred, with major events and appalling things happening. Terrible wars, anarchy and chaos would also become common place, with constant bloodshed. As a result, great cities would be destroyed/ruined.  Muslim countries and their people will have become so weak that even animals would defeat them in battle, due to their love of life, and fear of death, as well as their disunity. On the other hand, the Kuffar of the whole world would be united under one leader. Their rule would spread over the entire world, and would reach as far as Khyber, a mere hundred miles from Medina Shareef. Such would be the dominance of the kuffar during that era. The Muslims would also be under severe persecution and oppression, not only from the Romans, but also from the tyrannical leader of that time (i.e. the Sufyaani), who will rule Syria. The Ahl ul-Bait (Family of Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) will experience difficulties and persecution under his reign. The Abdaals and pious leaders will all be on the lookout for the Mahdi, knowing that only he could bring relief to the failing Ummah.

FROM WORLD WAR I TO THE TIME OF THE MAHDI
Among the general signs of the Mahdi, there are also specific events that lead up to his appearance.
Here is an esoteric narration, which demonstrates this:
Narrated by Abu Hurayrah:
"'The war of the end of time is the war of the world. There will be a third war after two great wars in which many are killed. He who will light the fires of the second world war will be known as the 'Great Leader'. 1300 years after the Hijra, count a few decades. At that time, the Greek King wants to wage a war against the entire world. Meanwhile, Allah commands the war for that man. A short while later, that is, in two decades, a man whose name is associated with a cat name from the German lands, appears as a scourge on the Romans. He starts to bother people and wants to hold control over the world. He wages war against the entire world, both the warm and cold lands. After years filled with severe war fires, he meets Allah's punishment. Then, he is killed as the Russian's mystery. Count five or six or seven or eight decades after 1300 of Hijra. At that time, a man called "Nasser" rules Egypt. Arabs call him "succa-ul Arab", the "brave of the Arabs." Allah despises him twice, once in a war, and then in another one. That "Nasser" can never attain victory. Upon this, Allah, the Lord of the House, makes a dark-colored person, whose father is more enlightened than himself, the leader of the Egyptian people and the Arab nation. But, he makes an agreement with the thieves of the Masjid al-Aqsa. Then a cruel man appears in Iraq, which is located in the Damascus region. This man, with a slight injury in his eye, is a Sufyaani. His name comes from confrontation (Saddam), and he is confrontational against his opponents. All the world gathers for him in small Kut, the region to which he came previously because he was deceived. There is no good in that Sufyaani except with Islam and he is both good and bad.....and woe to he who betrays the trustworthy Mahdi. Count two or three decades after the year/decade of Hijri 1400. At that time, the Mahdi emerges. He fights the whole world and both the ones who have gone astray (Christians) and the ones who have earned Allah's anger (Jews) join against him with the hypocrites in the land of Isra and Miraj at Mount Megiddo. And there comes out against him the Queen of the world and deception, an adulteress called (America), who incites the world to deviation and infidelity...and the Jews of the world at that time would have the upper hand , ruling Quds and the holy city. And all nations come to fight by sea and air except those in the land of extreme cold and the land of extreme heat. And the Mahdi sees that all the world does plot against him, but he also sees that Allah's plan is stronger than all, and he sees that the World belongs to Allah and to Him it will return, and that the World is but a tree that Allah wills him to rule from its roots to its branches.......and Allah throws down on them (unbelievers) with a disastrous punishment, burning their lands and seas and skies. And the sky rains down a harmful shower, with the people of the Earth cursing the infidels, and Allah wills the defeat of the unbelievers."

(Asmal Masalik Lieyyam Mahdiyy Maliki Li Kull-id Dunya Biemrillah-il Malik ("The Best ways to know the time of the Mahdi, King of the World, by Allah's command"), Qalda bin Zayd, p. 216)
The source mentioned for this narration, is a rare hand-written book (manuscript), dated around 300 years after the Hijra and is found today, in Istanbul, Turkey in the Süleymaniye Library, under the section listed as "Islamic manuscripts 3664/ Al Medina Al Munawara". This book contains an amazing collection of narrations, compiled by its author, Qalda son of Zayd son of Baraka, in Medina.
It is said in another book, “Kitab Al-Fitan” by Abu `Abdullah Nu`aim bin Hammad, that Abu Hurayrah had two areas of knowledge he gained from the Prophet; one of them he imparted, while he hid the other. Abu Hurayrah commented on that saying that if he had imparted the other area of knowledge, he would have been slaughtered (and he pointed to his neck when saying so). The same hadith of Abu Hurayrah's "hidden knowledge" is also confirmed in Sahih Bukhari:
Narrated Abu Hurayrah:
"I have memorized two kinds of knowledge from Allah's Apostle . I have propagated one of them to you and if I propagated the second, then my pharynx (throat) would be cut (i.e. killed)."(Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 3, No. 121)
The prophetic narration in question is obviously from this area of knowledge he "hid". On his deathbed (he died in 59 AH / 681 CE), he is said to have disclosed this "hidden knowledge" to others, including the narration in question. The (...) is where the text was eroded. As we know, the Dajjal and the son of Maryam both appear during the time of the Mahdi. Therefore, I'm going to assume that 'Eessa's descent happens in the last eroded text, and the Dajjal's appearance happens in the 2nd-to-last eroded text.
So, to briefly summarize; the Mahdi will fight the entire world in his jihad for equity and justice with Islam. They will gather against him on Mount Megiddo, and America too will come out against him. Amidst their failure to stop the Mahdi, the Dajjal will emerge to offset the Mahdi's revolution with deceptive miracles and a false religion, and the Mahdi will fight him as well. Then, under the Dajjal, the nations of the world will come to fight against the Mahdi by sea and air. As they fight the Mahdi and his armies, the Messiah son of Maryam will descend. His descent will spell the end of the Dajjal, along with his followers, and a defeat with a disastrous punishment for the unbelieving nations that joined with the Dajjal against the Mahdi. Allah's will would be fulfilled, and the Mahdi will rule the world, equitably and justly through Islam, as he is destined to, with the Messiah 'Eessa (Jesus), son of Maryam there to help and succeed him in doing so.
It's time-framing of future events, although it may seem strange and suspicious to some, isn't really unusual, as we can see this being done in the Qur'an (30:2-5) and in a few mainstream ahadith (the end of the Rashidun Caliphate for example, in the Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi and Hanbal ahadith collections). The naming of people and locations also isn't unusual for prophecies in ahadith literature. What is unusual about this one, is its implied use of the hijrah calendar. However, it was narrated by Abu Hurayrah on his deathbed, and he lived during the time the hijrah calendar was first officially used by the 2nd Caliph 'Umar ibn al-Khattab during his rule. This would give its implied use of the hijrah calendar precedence related to the time period it was first narrated to others. What this would imply, however, is that this hadith isn't an exact quote from the Prophet, but rather, it might've been "converted" to the hijrah calendar by Abu Hurayrah, when he conveyed it to others on his deathbed. This could possibly explain the uncertainty of the exact decade an event is to occur, in relation to the hijrah calendar, while, in relation to other events mentioned (i.e. the time between World War 1 and World War 2) the exact number is given (i.e. 2 decades).

THE 2 PROXY MAHDIS - THOSE THAT PAVE THE WAY FOR THE MAHDI BEFORE HE ARRIVES:
Before the Mahdi's appearance, there would be those who pave the way for his appearance. They would also act as Caliphs in his place, and therefore, would be proxy Caliphs, or proxy Mahdis.
Ibn-i Munawi said that, "Danyal (Daniel) (as) reported in his book that:
"There are 3 Sufyaanis and 3 Mahdis. When the first Sufyaani appears and his name and fame become widespread, the first Mahdi will confront him, the second Mahdi will confront the second Sufyaani and the third Mahdi will confront the third Sufyaani and Allah, the Exalted, will send him (the third Mahdi) to save the ones who have suffered mischief, and the believers. The Sunnah will be revived through him and oppression, injustice and cruelty will come to an end through him. The people will be highly prized and become victorious over their opponents at his time. A beautiful life will be lived, and the earth and the heavens will increase their blessing.." (*)
This quote exists in a handwritten copy of the book titled Al-Burhan fi Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman held in the Suleymaniye Library.
In this quote, there are 2 Mahdis that appear before the real one. They are in fact the forerunners for the Mahdi - those who pave the way for him before he arrives, and appear around the same time he does. These 2 proxies, one succeeding the other, would be Caliphs, but without a Caliphate system or an Islamic state in place. When the Mahdi appears, he would succeed, with their support, in finally overthrowing the despotic tyrants, then establishing his Caliphate over the Muslims.
In another hadith, there identities are specified:
Narrated 'Ali son of Abu Talib:,
“The Prophet said, ‘A man named al-Harith son of Hirath will come from Transoxania (Tajikistan). His army will be led by a man named Mansoor. He will be pave the way for and establish the government of the family of Muhammad, just as the Quraysh established the government of the Messenger of Allah. Every believer will be obliged to support them.’”
(Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 36, No. 4277)
Thus, the first proxy to appear, would a man named "al-Harith", and the one who leads his army and succeeds him as the second proxy, would be the "Mansoor".

THE HASHIMITE
The first one is the Hashimite (a descendant of the Hashim tribe),  by the name of Harith son of Hirrath, who will emerge, during the time of the Sufyaani, from beyond the Euphrates River, and his army, the army of the Mahdi, whose vanguard will be the Mansoor . The former (i.e. Haarith) will be preparing the minds of Muslims to-accept the Mahdi when he comes. He will perform the same task for the Mahdi, what the Qurayish performed for The Messenger of Allah (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) in Medina before the Hijrah. The Mansoor will aid him in this direction. It is compulsory upon every Muslim to help this Haarith, or to respond to his call.
During this time, there would be a war in Byzantium (Turkey), in which the Byzantine ruler will be at war with one Roman faction (who will be invading them) and will be allied with another (Roman faction). Thus the warring faction will run over Qustuntuniyyah (Istanbul), and will occupy it. The Byzantine ruler will flee and go to Bilad al-Sham. Following this, an agreement is made between the Hashimite and the Romans, which is mediated by an Israelite, descending from Aaron. This agreement will be upheld for seven years.. Together, they will wage war against, and invade, the enemy beyond Rome, and will be victorious. This war would be global.

There would be joint re-conquest of Istanbul, and a Christian from the allied Romans will erect a cross, and announce that "because of the cross, victory was gained, and in the name of the cross we won." On hearing this, a person from the Muslim army will assault him and will say, "No. Islam was victorious and because of Islam victory was gained", and shall go and break the cross. As a result of this incident, war will break out between the Muslims and the allied Romans. Those Muslims, as well as their leader, the Hashimite, will be martyred and the Romans will take over al-Sham. Thereafter, the two Roman factions will join together, breaking their peace-agreement with the Arabs, and then going to war against them.

THE MANSOOR (VICTOR)
After the Hashimite's martyrdom, he will be succeeded by the Mansoor, named Shu'ayb son of Salih from the tribe of Tamim. The term "Mansoor" is a title, meaning "victor", or "one who is given victory". As such, Shu'ayb is the one who leads the Mahdi's army to victory. He will lead the army of the Mahdi, who will come from the East carrying Black flags. The East here refers to Taliqan in Khurasan, i.e. Afghanistan. They will pave the way for the establishment of the Mahdi's kingdom. Nothing shall stop their onward march, and eventually they will plant their flags on the soils of Jerusalem.
After al-Sham is taken over by the Romans, Egypt would soon follow, and eventually their rule would extend up to Khyber. At that point, the comet with a tail (a sign of the Mahdi), will appear. Its passing would knock out technology, and cause much devastation across the world, resulting in a shift in the balance of powers. Afterwards, there would be the War of the Euphrates and Ethiopia will attack Sudan, then being defeated. The Sufyaani would then come and take over Syria, then start massacring people in Iraq. When some flee to Khurasan, the Sufyaani's army attempt to move eastward in pursuit of them. Then the Hashimite's army of the Mahdi, now under the leadership of the Mansoor, would engage them in Iran, and defeat them. The Sufyaani's army would escape, then launching an assault into Saudi Arabia, with the help of the Romans, and killing its king. There will be a fight in Mecca, thereafter, between two groups of people, each one seeking the kingdom. However, none of them will gain it. This fight will take place in the month of Zul-Qa'dah, and even in Mina during Hajj, there will be quarrelling. After this, the Mahdi would appear.
THE MAHDI'S EMERGENCE AS THE NEW KHALEEFA
Hadhrat Abdullah bin Mas'ood (RA) reports from the Prophet (SAW), who said:
"The world will not come to pass until a man from among my family, whose name will be my name, rules over the Arabs."
(Tirmidhi Sahih, Vol. 9, P. 74; Abu Dawud, Sahih, Vol. 5, P. 207; also narrated by Ali b. Abi Talib, Abu Sa'id, Umm Salma, Abu Hurayrah)
From the above we can see that that the Mahdi would be from amongst the family of Prophet Muhammad, his name would be Muhammad, and he would come to rule over the Arabs.
"The promised Mahdi will be among my family. God will make the provisions for his emergence within a single night."
(Ibn Majah, Sahih, Vol. 2, P. 519)
Thus, the Mahdi will be inspired, and preparations will be made for him in one night to carry out his task successfully. They will actually lead him by the hand towards the Hajare Aswad, where people will then formally pledge their allegiance to him as the Khaleefah. This pledge will take place in front of The Holy Ka 'ba, between the Hajare Aswad and the Maqaame Ibraheem, during or just after the days of Hajj.
Initially the number of people to take the bay 'at (pledge of allegiance) at his hands will be 313, which is the number of Sahaba that took part in the battle of Badr. He will be forty years old at the time of his appointment. This will all take place in the  month of Zul-Hijjah.
Abu Sa'id al-Khudari (RA) narrated that the Prophet (SAW) said:
"Our Mahdi will have a broad forehead and an aquiline nose. He will fill the earth with justice as it is filled with injustice and tyranny. He will rule for seven years."
(Abu Dawud, Sahih, Vol. 2, p. 208; Fusul al-muhimma, p. 275)

PROTECTION AND ACCEPTANCE BY ALLAH
The following new year, immediately upon his appointment as the new Khaleefah the Mahdi will witness the direct Help of Allah. This would be considered the first year of the Mahdi's rule, as he only emerged at the end of the previous year. Before the Mahdi, as has already been mentioned, a man from the heart of Damascus, known as the Sufyaani (from the family of Abu Sufyaan) had begun a horrendous campaign of bloodshed and killing, during which no tribe or community will be left alone. Even women and children will be mercilessly butchered. His chief supporters and followers will be the tribe of Kalb. Just before allegiance is pledged to the Mahdi, a great battle will be fought at Ahjar Al Zayt -- The Stone of Oil -- between the army of the Sufyaani and the Muslims of Medina in which the people of Medina will suffer. Shuayb, the son of Salih from Tamin will learn of the coming of the Mahdi and march to join him from Khurasan (Afghanistan) under three banners, under which will be 5,000 warriors ready to pledge their allegiance to the Mahdi. Muslims from Talakaan, Kufa, Yemen and Tunisia will also march to join him.
When this Sufyaani hears of the Mahdi, he will immediately dispatch an army towards Mecca (where the Mahdi will be). The Imam and his handful of followers will easily defeat this army. Then this Sufyaani will himself lead a contingent from Syria towards Mecca to fight against the Mahdi.
This army will be destroyed by an enormous earthquake at Baidaa, a place just after Zhul-Hulaifa, on the way to Mecca. First the rear of the army will be devastated, and when those in front go back to see what had happened, they too will meet the same fate. All but two members of this army will perish, and these sole survivors will take back the news of this disaster. There will be many in this army who had been brought along by force, people who did not intend to oppose the Mahdi. Such people would also be destroyed along with the others, but on the Day of Judgment they will be raised up according to their intentions. When the story of Divine Help being granted to the Mahdi spreads through the Muslim world, the Abdaals of Syria and the pious people of Iraq will come to pledge allegiance to the Mahdi and join his ranks.
Similarly, other Muslim armies from Medina and elsewhere will also come to Mecca and offer their support and allegiance to the Mahdi.
The Mahdi then moves forward to Syria, where he fights the armies of the Sufyaani who has the backing of the tribe of Kalb. He too will send an army against the Mahdi - who will yet again, through The Grace of Allah, inflict heavy defeat on his enemies. This will be known as the "Battle of Kalb".
The Prophet of Allah actually castigated those who do not participate in this battle against Kalb. The inhabitants of the heavens and the inhabitants of the earth will be pleased with him. It will be compulsory upon all Muslims who hear of the Mahdi to pledge their allegiance and full support to him.

HIS LEADERSHIP, BATTLES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
During the Mahdi's reign, he would be involved with three conflicts:
One conflict would be against the tyranny, oppression and injustice in the region, replacing it with equity and justice. Another conflict would be against the Romans, who would be trying to destroy his Caliphate. Then, the final conflict would be against the False Messiah, who would be trying to rule the world, and misguide people to his false religion. This would occur as follows:
With his army now bolstered by saintly and pious people, the Mahdi will defeat his enemies, as we have seen in the initial battles mentioned above. Upon releasing Syria from the oppressive rule of the Sufyaani, whom he captures and executes, he then sends his forces to Antioch to rest. One of the Prophet's companions commented upon the lushness of Antioch saying that he had never seen a place that had so much rain, whereupon the Prophet, praise and peace be upon him, told him that it was because the Torah, Staff of Moses, Tablets and the Table of Solomon, the son of David are concealed within its caves and that not one single cloud comes to it from any direction that does not pour its blessing upon that valley.
Thereafter, he regroups his forces in Syria, and prepares to engage the thieves of al-Aqsa. Shu'ayb, leading the Mahdi's army, attacks the tiny nation. The leader of that nation will fight the Army of the Mahdi, and the same tiny nation is again threatened with destruction because its leader is the cause of its corruption. After they are defeated by the army of the Mahdi, the Mahdi orders his execution, and the small nation is once again restored to the Muslims, and Bayt al-Maqdis, will be restored and reubuilt.
The Mahdi will become the supreme leader and reformer of the Muslim Ummah.
There will be a great Islamic revival, and this Deen will reign supreme, with unity slowly being restored to the Muslims.
He will continue fighting against the despots of the region in his campaign of bringing equity and justice to the world after it had been plagued with oppression.
He will practice and lead people according to the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam).
He will live for twenty years after his emergence, in which he will fight for thirteen, and rule for seven, with complete justice and righteousness, and all this time Islam will be becoming the predominant religion of the world.
The Mahdi will conquer the city of Consta
ntinople (presently known as Istanbul). The story behind this conquest is as follows:
After the earthquakes, which destroyed his enemies, and the subsequent amassing of Muslim armies under his leadership, the Imam will leave Mecca for Medina, where he will offer salaam at the Rowzha Mubarak (The Grave of The Messenger of Allah Sallallahu alayhi wasallam).
Having done this his next step would be to proceed on to Damascus, where the bulk of the Roman forces along with the tribe of Kalb and their Sufyaani leader, would be deployed, as was previously mentioned.
In Damascus, the Imam will set up his headquarters. From here, he will conduct military operations against the despotic tyrants in the region and defeats them, and from here, he will rule. The Bayt-ul-Maqdis (Masjid al-Aqsa) in Jerusalem will also be rebuilt, and the people of Medina will flock to it. This will take him six years.
In response to this, the Roman forces, in the following year, will break their  peace agreement between them and the Muslims, will attack, and destroy the city of the Prophet (Medina), and start to gather their forces against its inhabitants.
At a place known as either A'maq or Dabiq, somewhere near Allepo Syria, 960,000 Roman forces would be assembled under 80 banners representing 80 nations, quite clearly to annihilate the Muslims.
At this time, the Muslims will be gathering their armed forces in Iraq, Syria and Yemen, forming a huge battalion. the Mahdi will send this battalion of mujahideen (Muslim fighters), from among the best people on earth, to engage them. The Romans and the Muslims will be gathering their forces for nine months. Between the time of the initial Roman treachery and their coming out to Dabiq, the Prophet said that nine months will elapse, during which the Mahdi will wage two campaigns initiated by the Dajjal, one against the Arabs that shall not recognize him, and one against the Persians of Khurasan i.e. Iran that shall not recognize him. When the two groups, the Romans and the Muslims, encounter each other face to face, the Romans will request that the Muslims hand over to them those who had fought and captured their Roman brethren. The Muslims will refuse, saying: “By Allah, We will never hand over our Muslim brothers” thus triggering off a fierce battle, which is the beginning of the Great war (i.e. Armageddon). A third of the Muslim army will flee, and Allah will never ever grant them towba (repentance). A third will be slain, and they will be the noblest martyrs in The Sight of Allah. The surviving third will be victorious, never to suffer defeat thereafter.
The initial battle will last four days. Each day the Muslim troops will resolve on oath that they will not return but as victors. For three days, they will fail to crush the enemy, with many men becoming martyrs. On the fourth day, the Romans will falter and succumb to a tremendous onslaught from the remaining Muslim troops. The ensuing slaughter will be unprecedented in history. This decimation will utterly shatter the morale of the Romans.
Thus, the Mahdi will smash the might of the anti-Muslim forces in that period, forces which had come together from all parts of the world.
Pressing forward against the remaining Romans, the next destination will be Turkey. From the Syrian coast, the Mahdi will dispatch 70,000 soldiers of the Banu Is-haq to re-conquer Istanbul, liberating it from Roman rule six years after the war started. They will cross the Mediterranean Sea, bound for Turkey and will conquer Istanbul without the use of a single weapon. Parts of the city will collapse upon the Takbeer and Tahleel of these warriors. They will recite' Laa ilaha ilial-laahu wallahu Akbar' and simply walk over the city. The   Muazhzhins of the Muslims will then establish the five times daily azhaan throughout the city.
The Mahdi will also arrive at Istanbul and set up the structure for his rule, appoint people to govern there and most importantly, make arrangements for the implementation of Islamic law. This conquest will deliver untold fortunes into the hands of the Muslims. As he and his men busy themselves capturing and rounding up these vast riches a rumor will spread that "the Dajjal has broken loose in Syria and is wreaking havoc among your families.” This news will be very disturbing to the Imam, and so consequently, he will hurriedly leave for Syria. In the meantime, ten men will be sent ahead to ascertain the truth. About these ten The Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “ I know their names and the names of their fathers they will be among the best warriors in that era.” Prophet e Kareem (Sallallahu alayhi wasallam) even knew the color of their horses.
One of them will report that the whole story is false. Dajjal has not yet emerged. This was a lie fabricated by Shaitaan to try and disrupt the progress of the Muslims. the Mahdi will resume his return journey to Syria with greater ease and comfort once he learns that the Dajjaal is not yet loose.
He will stop over in all the towns and cities along the route to survey the situation and make necessary arrangements for government.
Meanwhile the conquerors of Istanbul will march on and invade the enemy territories of Western Europe (Greece, Italy, etc.) in the same manner, with the Takbeer and Kalimah, and eventually conquering Rome in the process.
In the following year, after the Mahdi reaches Damascus the great imposter (Dajjaal), the False Messiah, will now truly emerge and begin his campaign of mischief and corruption between Syria and Iraq. He will remain to do his bidding for forty days, one day like a year, one like a month, one like a week, and the rest like regular days, so these days will in fact cover the length of 428 days.
The Dajjal will have a large following of mainly Jews from Iran, Bedouins, and illegitimate people (those born outside of marriage). The Muslims under the Mahdi will be in Damascus, surrounded by the armies of the Dajjaal from all over the world, and fighting against them on Mount Megiddo.
After the 40th day of the Dajjaal's reign, the Mahdi and his companions will be busy arranging the formation for prayer during the time of Fajr. The jamaat salaah will be almost about to start when suddenly the Messiah Eessa (Alayhis salaam) son of Maryam will descend from the heavens, dressed in two yellow garments, leaning on the shoulders of two angels and join the ranks of Muslims for salaah. The Mahdi will lead that Fajr salaah. He will go out, slaying the followers of the Dajjal, while the son of Maryam chases the Dajjal until he catches up with him at the Gate of Uhud and slays him.
After the slaying of the Dajjal and his armies, the Mahdi will then rule the entire world for seven years with equity and justice.
During his rule, the Muslims will experience great economic enrichment. There will be no droughts and lands will be exceptionally fertile. The earth will yield crops in abundance and of the best quality. This rich agricultural state will ensure a glut of money and food. In fact, so much that people who come to the Baitul-Maal for assistance will be given as much as they can take away.
The hearts of people will become so independent of wealth and so dependent on Allah that when an announcement is made for the needy to come forward, only one person will stand up. When this person will be given wealth in such abundance, he will feel ashamed and would want to return the wealth, but the answer will be: "We do not take back what has been given. It's all yours to keep."
In short the Muslims will live a most luxurious and comfortable life, something they will never ever experience again in this world. The Mahdi will distribute lands equally among people.
After these seven years, this great Imam, a man who provided the perfect sequel to Allah's Supreme Religion -ISLAM, will pass on to the realms of the hereafter. The Muslims will perform his Janaaza salaah and bury him, and the Messiah son of Maryam will then become the new ruler of the Muslims, and the Caliphate will be taken away from the Quraysh.

Created by - Bustanul Firdaus

Developments Islam in The World

A. Development of Islam in Asia

1. Pakistan
Pakistan is located in South Asia, the majority of the Muslim population. In 1947 Pakistan separated from the territory of India for not wanting to be ruled by Hindu and Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Islam arrived in Pakistan at the time of Caliph Walid Bin Abullah Malik (705-715) of the Umayyads good fortune, at that time the people of Pakistan requested assistance from the Islamic kingdom cannot stand because of political pressure on family economic DLAN brahma. Sind finally dropped the Islamic army under the leadership of Muhammad Qosim. At Al Makmur of Abbasid period (813 m - 833 m) many Arab families moved to Sind.
The development of Islam in Pakistan with a missionary by the preachers of Pakistan and outside preachers in Pakistan there are a variety of organizations such as the organization headed by Abdul Ala Al-Mawdudi (1904 m) which is active in the magazine Al Muslim 1906 Muslim league standing organization led Ali Jinnah. Islam in 1969 basis states, 1971 eastern Pakistan became Bangladesh.

2. India
August 15, 1944 Britain granted independence to India. India is one of the countries which are in South Asia, the form of the Republic with its capital New Delhi. India's majority Hindu population, while people of other religions including the religion of Islam to be a minority. On August 15, 1947, Britain granted independence to India and Pakistan.
(A). The arrival of Islam in India
Islam entered India through Sind region, around the 8th century by Arab traders. According to historical records since the year 1290-1320 AD Khilji dynasty in power in Delhi, it is known from the mosque made of red sandstone and arc-shaped boat capsized.
Circa 1526-1707 AD India dominated by the Mughal Empire, Islam continues to flourish in his time and triumphed. The kingdom is ruled India about 3 (three) centuries. The first king named Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, who managed to defeat the Lodhi of Afghan tribes. Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur is a descendant fifth of Tamerlane who had invaded India. Babur was born in 1482 AD in Farghana His father was a ruler Shaikh Umar Farghana. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was Sirajudin.
When Sijarudin Bahadur Shah II became king, he evokes the spirit of the people of India and Muslims to expel the UK. British troops are reluctant to deploy large scale   to attack India, army, Hindu-Muslim can be beaten back, so that the UK can occupy Delhi. Leader of Hindu and Muslim was arrested and then thrown out of India.
In 1858 MN, Bahadur Shah was expelled from the royal palace and thrown into, Rangoon (the capital of Burma) and finally died in the region. Further British rule in India till 1947 AD Indian Mughal Empire left many relics-¬ valuable historical relics such Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Gate of Victory in Fatahpur Sikri and magnificent palaces.

(B). Development of Islam in India
Long ruled India Is ¬ lam government, which began in 1290 AD by the Khilji dynasty till 1858 AD Growing influence of Islam in India since the 13th century when the people of Islam founded New Delhi mosque.

Indian Muslims are not getting fair treatment from the Hindu people. Therefore, frequent clashes, so that Muslims in India are very distressed situation. In doing da'wah, many Islamic foundations participating in quality and improving the image of the people. Likewise, Islamic organizations engaged in various fields of education, propaganda, economic, and cultural fields. Schools, Academies and Universities Islam as a historical relic is the Darul Uloom Islamic Empire and Nadwal on. Luck now, as well as the University Osmaniyyah.
3. Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a country in western Asia Power. Its capital Kabul to form Republic goverment. Population is almost 99% of religion Is ¬ lam.
(A). The entry of Islam in Afghanistan
since the 5th century BC Afghanistan region was part of the Persian Empire under the rule Achamenia Cyrus II the Great. This area later fell to Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. After his death changed hands to Afghanistan Seleucid Dynasty.
At the time of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan in 647 AD, led by commander Sa'd ibn Ash, Muslim forces succeeded in expanding their authority to the regions of Khorasan (now Afghanistan). since then, the Islamic religion as a reference and a powerful influence on all aspects of the lives of the Afghan people.
During the centuries, the area Afghanistan is a strategic place, resulting in cultural assimilation, especially those coming from Venice, Pakistan and Mughal.
(B). Development of Islam in Afghanistan
originally known with the title Khurasan Afghanistan. In 1773, the entire territory of Afghanistan can be conquered again by Nadir Shah. Ten years later the supreme authority of Afghanistan led by Ahmed Khan, and makes this area as stand-alone Emirates.
Around the 19th century, Britain and Russia continue to compete to be able to master the Afghanistan. Russia wants Afghanistan ¬ as the gateway to the Indian Ocean. Therefore, Russia's expansion into Afghanistan. On the other hand, in 1838 AD England made his first expedition to Afghanistan and the subsequent expedition in 1878 -1881 AD.
The process of modernization in the tradition of systems Afghanistan began in 1919 AD under the leadership of Amanullah Khan tried to implement modernization in Afghanistan. he was challenged by the traditional, especially from groups Shur Bazar Khan as Prime Minister. For 10 years David Khan Amanullah Khan's reforms continue.
Daud Khan led the 1973 military revolution overthrew King Zahir. Country was used as the Republic of Afghanistan. This group took power and set up a government similar to the communist country but many are opposed as contrary to the teachings of Islam, then there was a battle between the rebels, commonly called the Mujahideen government.
End of 1979, the Soviet Union into Afghanistan hold military expansion by directing thousands of troops, to help government troops fight the Mujahideen.
The reaction of the international community has sprung up, such as the United States, and was followed by about 50 other countries. The Soviet Union finally withdrew all its troops from Afghanistan, in mid-October 1989. The Soviet Union declared that war a lot more harm than good. This is surprising because the West since the first Soviet clandestine and rarely admits mistakes.
The development of Islam in Afghanistan in the arts and culture experienced considerable progress. It can take a look at the lasting monument. In addition to arts and culture there are many attractions that are a blend of religious elements in the city such as Mizani Sharif. Other buildings such as the Blue Mosque famous with large, majestic and blue-roofed and floored.
4. People's Republic of China (PRC)
PRC is a large country in the eastern part of the continent of Asia, since the 5th century AD existing trade route between the Arabs and the Chinese. Country of China is a country that has been developed. The Chinese were the first to develop a compass, machine, porcelain and clothes of silk and traded by foreigners like the Arabs.

(A) The entry of Islam in the PRC
Islam arrived in the early PRC through sea and land trade routes. The first time occurred the spread of Islam during the Tang Dynasty (618 ¬ 907 M). The first Muslims to spread Islam is known as Hui-Hui and Islam called Hui-Hui Chew, which means Holy Religion.
The arrival of Islam in the PRC occurred during the reign of Tai Tsung of Tang Dynasty. The man who first spread the religion of Is ¬ lam in China is Lubaid bin Saad Al Ethiopia and Yusuf. Saad preaching in the region and Chang Chuan Chow Chow while Joseph in Canton area. This can be evidenced by the brilliant mosques with minarets and mosques with a horn known as the mosque Zi Wai Shin keepsake for the Prophet. Two of the mosque is the oldest mosque in China.

(B) The development of Islam in the PRC
Muslims in the PRC may be grouped ¬ into two, namely:
- Native Chinese Muslims who use the Chinese language. They developed based on Islamic culture and civilization, this group is in the northern part.
- Muslims who use the language Turkeminia, this group lived in the province of Sin Kiang.
The number of Muslims in the PRC since 300 years ago 30% shrinkage, but a few years later the Muslims increased 65 million people. Muslims in the PRC generally bermazhab? Expert Sunnah wal Jamaah, following schools of Imam Abu Hanifa and Imam Malik.
In 1948 AD they were forced to nationalist ideology under the leadership of Chiang Kai Chek. Condition of the Muslims suffered greatly due to pressure from the regime of Chiang Kai Chek. Even though the pressure of the Muslims were able to build strength in Yunan. Yunnan is a province of China bordering Burma, the majority of the population embraced Is ¬ lam. There are 700 mosques and religious centers.
In the PRC, the population is not classified based on religion, but ethnic groups. According to the case in 1990, 17.6 million Chinese citizens are Muslims.
5. Singapore
Singapore being one of the ASEAN countries in the form of the Republic, the population consists of Malays, Jewish, Pakistani, Bengali, Arab, and European. Religion of Singapore's population is Muslim, Buddhist, Taoist, Hindu and Christian, Muslim population is only 20% of the entire population of Singapore.
Development of Islam in Singapore handheld by Ulema Council under the ministry of social. In Singapore there is also a body called the Supreme Islamic Sharia Court in charge of and decide everything related to Islamic activities such as zakat, waqf, marriage and others.
Muslims in Singapore have also established several Islamic organizations such as, Perdaus (Student Association of Religion Adult learner), the organization organized outside the formal school education. There are also CLIMBING, this organization was founded in 1981 by 9 MPs Muslim wither. The goal is to improve the socioeconomic status of the Singapore Muslim community are weaker and less educated. Also there proselytizing organization led by Ahmad Ichan. The goal is to advance the development of Muslims in Singapore.
6. Thailand
Thailand is a country in the form of constitutional monarchy, the capital Bangkok. The religion of the majority Buddhist population of Thailand, the Islamic Bergama only 10% of the total population. The mid-1990s, no less than 4.5 million people in Thailand, amounting to a total of 57 million, is the Muslim. Thai Muslims living in the area in the southern part of Pattani, Yala, Marathiwat and One.
Islam stands united in Thailand, founded by Indian Muslims in Thailand. Basic unity of Islam in Thailand is the Quran and the Sunnah. The goal is to convey the message of Islam to all parts of Thailand.
Preaching activities carried out through education. Besides that, the media published a magazine called Al-Ijtihad, the official magazine Using Thai language, published by the Islamic Association of Thailand.

The results of the activities that have been carried out by Muslims Thailand is also built Auschorrus Sunnah Madrasa in Pak Payong. Patalog province, 800 km south of Bangkok. Around the year 1962 in Thailand's southern Pattani Nationality emerging movement, this eventually became the National Islamic Revolutionary Party of Southern Siam
7. Philippines
Philippines is a country shaped by the Czech capital Manila, independence in 1946 AD Christians predominantly Catholic and the official language of Tagalog and English. Islam came to the Philippines around 1360, the majorities are in the South Philippines, Philippine Muslims known as "Moro" is derived from the term Moor ie those Muslims that exist in Spain. The nickname given the Spaniards who had colonized the Philippines.
The development of Islam in the Philippines is very alarming because the Is ¬ lam regarded as second-class citizens and Muslims are treated discrimination in all fields, one is a Philippine Muslim leader Nur Misuari who struggle with other people Muslim and the support of the Islamic world. he demanded autonomy rights Muslim Southern Philippines organization into the container this struggle is the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).
Muslim organizations in the Philippines have always been challenged and undermined, so that such organizations often have vacuums Association of Muslim Filipinos. There are several factors that led to the collapse of the organization include:
- There is no reliable leadership.
- Less sense of unity among the Muslims.
- There is a sense of tribalism in seizing power.
8. Malaysia
Malaysia is a country of ASEAN and adjoining the premises, so it has many similarities with the premises, Malaysia has 11 states with capital Kuala Lumpur, the Malay language is the official language, and most of the populations are ethnic Malays (53%), China (35%), India and Pakistan (10%). Malaysia's population comprises of three races, namely the Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Over 60% of the populations are Muslims.
To resolve the differences between the races formed the National Operations Council, as the supreme power to secure the state. In national development (National Building), Malaysia trying to avoid is being separated from the guidance of Islam. This has been agreed upon by experts in Malaysia, among others, Dr. Ismail Haji Ibrahim. Datuk Sri DR. Mahathir in his seminar wants the Malaysian government forms in all areas cannot be separated from the principles of the Qur'an and Hadith as well as the role of scholars, muftis and intellectuals.
Beginning of the 18th century, Muslims Ma ¬ dealt a disastrous blow not be separated from the people who pioneered Updates by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, namely to purify Islam of the Shiite doctrine and heresy and restore Islam to Al-Quran and Al Hadith.
These reforms followed by Muhammad Jamaludin Al Afgani and Muhammad Rashid Ridho. In Malaysia held a variety of activities coordinated by the World Islamic organizations (Natural Rabithah Islamy), such as:
(A) Establishing the Islamic Development Bank in 1973 (Islamic Develop ¬ ment Bank).
(B) Establishing the trial Rabithah Alam Islami 2nd in Kuala Lumpur.
(C) Following Congress Ihya Risalatul Mosque in Mecca on September 20 to 23 ¬ tember 1975.
(D) Hold a conference call to Islam in Southeast Asia and the Pacific in Kuala Lumpur on 11-14 January 1980.
(E) Holding Congress Da'wah Islamiyah in Southeast Asia Pacific on November 10-11, 1980.
9. Brunei Darussalam
Brunei Darussalam Bandar Sri Begawan city thousands, gained full independence from Britain on December 31, 1983. Population (total 343 650 (July 2001) consists of the Malays and Chinese, the official religion is Islam and its official language is Malay.
Islam entered Brunei Darussalam on the 16th century Sultanate of Brunei has a strong influence in the region so that its remit extends to several islands in the Southern Philippines. In carrying out the message of Islam, Brunei often bring the preachers of Indonesia. In addition to many preachers also bring a lot of teachers in various disciplines, especially the religious sciences and Arabic language. Islamic law is very influential on state laws.
As a country that based on Islam, Islamization Brunei heavily in public life. For example, efforts to Islamize the legal, economic and financial as well as establishing modern institutions in line with Islamic guidelines.


B. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in the Americas

1. USA
Large and developed countries is often get praise and insults from other countries, including the Indo ¬ drain. Many countries are oriented to the country, especially in technology. Indeed, in terms of mastery of science and technology is quite advanced, but in terms of religion, life is extremely dry. On the other hand, curses attached country is because their roles are blindly against terrorism and double standards that addressed other countries that seek to impede the interests of domestic, about the history of Islam in this country is not clear, because there has been no scientific research about it. About 1930 known man named Wallace Ford Muhammad (Wall Ford), spread Islam in America began in the Negro community. Racism and discrimination is still felt in America, even though slavery was legally abolished in 1865. Therefore, Ford was attempting to eliminate them based on the Qur'an.
As for the efforts he made were:
- In 1932 the school established the Low, School of Women and Islamic Universe ¬ bags in Detroit.
- Establish an Islamic organization called "Nation of Islam".
- Educating the Muslim traders was tough.
In 1934 Ford was replaced by his student Muhammad named Elijah Muhammad. Since then the center of the Nation of Islam moved to Chicago. He jointly followers feel confident, that the religion of Islam man can find true happiness.
With a mission carried out, they get encouraging results, so many personalities who converted to Islam ¬ figures such as Malcolm X an orator (speaker) American Negro accomplished and internationally. He changed his name to Ali Hajj Malik Al Shahabaa. Muhammad Ali also former world heavyweight boxing champion who was originally named Cassius Clay. Similarly, the new-new ¬ Mike Tyson converted to Islam while in prison by renaming Malik Abdul Aziz.
Islamic development efforts continue to be made in America. This was proven in 1960 Elijah Muhammad Speak could publish a magazine as one of the means of propaganda. Januan 25th 1975 Elijah Muhammad died later replaced by his son, Imam Warith Deen Muhammad. Development of Islam under his leadership made progress and lively. Because his message is not limited to the Negro community, but also to other people. Efforts of Warith Deen Muhammad, among others:

(A) Problem Aqidah
Regarding the general belief in the Negro community still deviate from the actual street, it Warith Deen Muhammad held a renewal and purification based on the teachings of Quran and Hadith. Therefore, he was dubbed the "Mujadid" by his followers.

(B). Organizational Problem
To expand the horizons of development of Islam, the Nations of Islam in 1976 was changed to the World Community of Islam in West in order to expand into other nations.
Development of Islam can flourish in America mainly due to two things, first the immigration of Muslims from various countries, and the second entry of Islam of our new brothers from other religions because of the teachings of Islam in accordance with nature / heart in man, and the third, the number of Muslim students from Islamic countries studying.
1993 data put the number of Muslims reached 5-8 million. This means that the number of Muslims has surpassed the Jews, and became the second largest religion after Christianity in American Protestantism.
2. Venezuela
Islam actually come in this country when the Spanish built their colonies in 1509 in the town of Darien to 1.8 centuries AD Among the sailors who come, there are many Muslims who hide being muslim. They did so after Spain fell at the hands of Christians. Because at that time many of the Muslims who were killed and those who mingle become many sailors.
In the 18th century AD many Muslims coming from the Syrians, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. In 1840 Muslim minorities began to participate in various areas of life, whether economic, social or political. It is not because of ideals and morals altitude displayed Muslims.
After World War II ended, came the problem of Palestine, so that throngs of refugees from the region, it comes to protection and decent life. Their arrival adds to the number of Muslims, to reach tens of thousands. As the realization of Islamic brotherhood they began to build a place of worship. Venezuela is a country of the Republic that there d Northern coast of Latin America. State that thousands of the city's surrounding Caracas population 1968 amounted to 45 thousand people, with details of 15 thousand from Lebanon, 14 thousand people from the Syrians, Palestine 11 thousand people, two thousand people from Southeast Asia and India and 3 thousand people from Eastern Europe. While the descendants of Andalusia (Spain) own about 10 thousand people, they live in the capital and surrounding areas. They are also scattered in the city of Barcelona, Madurina, Marcay, Marcabio and others.

C. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in Continental Europe
Countries in Europe at the present time has a lot to acknowledge and recognize the role of Islam in Europe in promoting the mesa. It is widely recognized by Western scholars, so that the recognition gives the gate in the development of Islam.

1) Austria
Along with the rise of Islamic century, the capital of Austria (Vienna) held the inauguration of the "Islamic Center" the first time. This building can accommodate around 30,000 Muslims under the name: "Moslem Social Service" and a madrassa as a place to learn the Koran and also the mosque adjacent to the UN building in Vienna.
Occurred when the inauguration, the President of Austria (Rudolf) and Bruno Kreitschy Prime Minister and Minister of Education Teaching Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al Khuwithir were present. In his speech the President and Prime Minister of Austria will protect ¬ Islamic Centre building that is the symbol of both Austrian relations with the Islamic world in general.
Austrian government also recognizes that the Muslim population is the number 2 (two), after Christianity with the amount of 100,000 (as of 1987). Activity taking place in the development of Islam borne and carried out by Muslims.

2) Belgium
Belgium is a country kingdom, this country has recognized Islam as one of the official religions. Recognition was listed in the Belgian Law, promulgated on July 17, 1874.
In 1975, Islamic religious education has been incorporated into the curriculum and the teachers have got good and got a gap from the government. The incoming Islamic religious education curriculum is the Qur'an, Arabic and Islamic sciences religion. They apply to the education curriculum for primary, junior and senior. The number of mosques until now numbered 240.

In Belgium in 1980 had held the European Islamic Conference which was held in the Belgian capital Brussels. Until now the number of Muslims in Belgium around 350,000 people.

3) Spain
Muslims in Spain has experienced its heyday when it was under the rule of the Umayyad Daulah (718-1492 AD). Many relics Islamic heritage that is still to be seen in Spain as a witness to history. Mosque of Cordova, Al Hambra Palace, Al Andalusia, Granada and others became proof of the greatness of Islam in Spain.
Because Islam Islamic life and culture form, until now was the values of Is ¬ lam still made an impression on the people of Spain, despite the efforts of the entire burial containing the values to Islamization continued after Spain fell into Christian hands. Restraint and removal of the business process occurred Islamic identity until the 20th century AD In 1978 a new Act, Spain has been raised all religions on an equal level and equal treatment and freedom is guaranteed by law.
Now it appears that Islamic activities begin life again, as in Cordova that was once the pride of the capital of Muslim past. Cordova is a remnant Magnificent Mosque. Lately, the Kingdom used the mosque Eid prayer and Eid al-Adha. Now the number of Muslims (as of 1995) of 250,000, there were also two mosques, 6 units being built, and about 300 other places are used as a place of worship.

4) Germany
Until now the German government has not recognized Islam as the official religion, though the development of Islam goes well, because there has been established an organization "Islamic Centre" led by the Turks. This organization has sufficient funds and have extensive branch to overseas, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, so it has a membership of about 100 thousand people.
Islamic Da'wah many nations mobilized entrants such as Turkey, Iran, Egypt, and Indonesia. In West Germany the number of mosques is now up to 600 pieces. Mosques are generally three-story, because it has several functions, namely lower rate for buying and selling activities to meet the needs of Muslims, madrasas and level two to level three for prayer. Muslims in Germany are now numbered about 3.2 million people. Islam is the religion of the majority of the third.

5) Netherlands
Islam in the Netherlands has grown rapidly thanks to the struggle of Abdul Wahid Van Rommel (native Dutch). Islamic organizations have been established headed by Abdul Wahid. Through these organizations, he is fighting for the rights, in order to perform the obligatory prayers five times including Friday prayers Muslims who are in this country are generally composed of immigrants from Turkey, Pakistan ¬, Morocco and others. With the amount of 4%, Islam is now the usual atmosphere in the country dubbed the Windmill. Diverse architecture mosques and madrassas spread all over the country. Number of people who converted to Islam increased tenfold. Data shows 54 thousand, increased to 108 thousand (1975). In 1980 increased to 225 thousand, while in 1997 increased to 573 thousand.
6) England
In the spread of Islam in the country, mozabores is a very meritorious. he actively disseminate Islamic knowledge. he changed his name. to Peter Al Ponsi. He is also known as a court physician of King Henry I. That is why the development of Islam in the country very rapidly. Islamic teaching is done on a day off, which is on Saturday and Sunday, both for children and adults. Now the number reached 1.5 million Muslim communities.
There are several Islamic organizations that stand in the UK, among others:
- The Islamic Council of Europe (Council of European Islam) as supervisor of European culture.
- The Union of Moslem Organization (Union of Islamic Organizations of England).
- The Moslem Institute Association. Both are engaged in research. The members consisted of the British people and immigrants.
In central London have built the Great Mosque (Central Mosque) which was completed in 1977. The mosque is located in Regents Park is able to accommodate about 4000 people. as this mosque designer Frederick Gobberd and Partners. The mosque is equipped with a library as a center of educational, social and administrative activities. Muslims have also been purchased at a price of 85,000 pound sterling church in central London. The church changed the form of the mosque, and will use as a place of education and teaching Islamic sciences.
Because English is the Islamic Cultural Center for all of Europe under the supervision of the Islamic Council of Europe, then in the conference events (European Islamic Conference in the city of Brussels in 1980) held an exhibition of Islamic culture festivals, namely:

(A) The objects of Persian metalwork.
(B) Al-Quran and the texts of ancient pal ¬ ing.
(C) Arts Hausa tribes.
(D) Music and musical instruments.
(E) Science and Technology in Islam. The exhibition was opened by Shahbanan Iran, Empress Farah Diba.
(F) Islamic Art. It is the center of the festival is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth.
(G) Rugs of Central Asia.
(H) Nomadic Tribes (which move ¬-move) in 10 cities.
(I) The paintings of the Palace of Islam.
(J) Isfahan city of light and life.
Also exhibited a water clock that measures 12 feet, width 12 feet. The clock is used by the people of Islam 600-700 years ago. Also exhibited the first to translate the Qur'an into a European language by an Englishman named Robert Kotton Routland. Al Quran was translated when he was in Spain (XII century AD).
Causing factors of the festival was held in the UK, are:
(A) Because the city of London is considered the most practical to organize the festival.
(B) Muslims in Britain are the most numerous in comparison with existing Muslims in Western European countries, which is about 1 million people.
(C) Most of the centers and organizations scattered in Western Europe centered in the city of London in a coordinating body called the Islamic of Europe.
(D) The British Orient lists had already acquainted with Islam and its culture than the scholars who come from other countries in Europe.
(E) The Qur'an was first introduced into Europe is a graduate of Robert Kotton that translates English into Latin.
7) France
French into English the closest neighbor. Slowly but surely, the Muslims are well-developed. Although not as big as the development of Islam in the UK showed symptoms of revival in France.
Many scholars in France had embraced Islam, among others: choreographer (choreographer) famous, Maurie Bejart, oceanographer (oceanographer), Yves Jasque Causeans, and a renowned author Roger Garaudy and Maurice Bucaile medical experts.
France has the largest percentage of Muslim population in Europe. Now make up about 4 million (7% of the total population of France). In France there are already translated the Koran into French by an orient list, Jasque Berque.
8) Italy
The development of Islam in this country is not like other European countries. Nevertheless, Muslims have been able to lay the first stone of the mosque in the heart of the Roman Catholic world in 1984. The mosque is built on ground Morst Antenedi Parioli, an area in the city of Catania orderly (Silicia).
In 1973, Muslims filed a petition to establish an Islamic cultural center to the Vatican.

Muslims in Italy based on the data in 1999 totaled about 500,000 to 1 million people. Despite being a minority group, Muslim Roma were able to coexist well with other ethnicities.

9) Yugoslavia
The number of foreign faiths Is ¬ lam About a 4 million of the 22 million overall (data 1981). The development of Islam in the country is quite good, because it is supported by means of Islamic Universities in Sarajevo and about 2000 mosques as a means for the propagation of Islam. Islamic da'wah cost results obtained through the collection of zakat, infaq and other funds from Muslims.
Although the number of Christians as much, but lives with mutual aid support, respect, and peaceful co-existence. This is sometimes reflected in the day Qurban arrived, many Muslims give beef to Christians, but since 1992 the ethnic war between the people of Is ¬ lam and Christians in Yugoslavia famous "tragedy of Bosnia".

10) Albania
In the early 20th century this country the only one in the region ¬ European Muslim majority population, based on the many estimates, the Muslim community in Albania was recorded 3.3 million, 70% religious Islam (compaction of 1999), while the number of mosques around 800 fruit. Although the majority of the population are Muslims, but they often are pressured by both the communist system and the dictatorship of the leaders in the long term.
After 1990, only a few people are trying to re-arrange Albania faith. Not many people go to church or mosque, although religious leaders preach incessantly.

11) Russia
Russia is one of the 15 republics a former part of the Soviet Union. Islamic state in the former Soviet Union including Russia suffered a setback, because the Bolsheviks led by Lenin. The existences of Bolsheviks destroy Islam in Russia. Many mosques and places of worship Islam crushed and used as a means other like stables and shops. The next state of Islam in Russia can be seen from the development of Islam in the former Soviet Union. Muslims in the Soviet Union in 1983 no less than 40 million people. In Moscow itself is very quiet, little congregation, just most old man was alone and most crowded in the Eid al-Fitr.
As for the existence of barriers to Islam in Russia is a religion should not be brought into the government and society. Later in the pilgrimage to Mecca, only for old man was not working alone and

D. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in the continent of Australia

Australia is a continent located between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The name Australia comes from the Latin word meaning Terra Australialis mainland in the south.
In the 20th century AD mosque development in Australia is quite encouraging as many mosques are made by an Australian architect himself.

The development of the construction of mosques in Australia are as follows:
(A) In 1907 in Brisbane and a beautiful mosque founded by the great architect and Ismeth Abosi Sharif Abidin.
(B) In 1967 the mosque was founded in Queensland, with the name of the Islamic Centre under the leadership of Fethi Seith Mecea.
(C) In 1970 in Merebe inaugurated a mosque that can accommodate 300 worshipers with his priests H. Abdul Latif.
(D) In the City Sarrey Hill built the Great Mosque Faisal, the Saudi Arabia government assistance.
(E) In Sidney mosque was built at a cost of $ 900,000.

Islamic teachings in order to develop properly, then seminar for Islamic education, one in Brisbane Queensland Islamic Society, whose goal distributes Muslim children to pray and balk fellow human relationships. Their students consisted of children who come from Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Africa, Lebanon, Albania and Australia itself.

In an effort to improve the progress of Islam, established a variety of organizations, among others:
(A) the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (Federation of Islamic Councils Australia), based in Sidney.
(B) Federation of Islamic Association (Federation of Muslim). This organization is nationwide, covering nearly 35 pieces of local Muslim organizations comunity plus the 9-state Islamic councils ¬ state.
(C) Muslim Student Association (Muslim Students Association,). The organization issued a magazine "Al Manar" in Arabic and "Australian Minaret" in English. This magazine was first issued by the Federation of Islamic Society circulated to Australia Muslims scattered in New South Wales, Sydney, Victoria, Melbourne and regional ¬ other areas.
(D) Muslim Women's Centre (Centre for Islamic women women-¬) which aims to provide lessons on to Islamization and also give English lessons to the Muslims who came to Australia with less proficiency in English. In institutions established in October 1979.

E. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in Africa
Africa is the third largest continent in the world, the African nations past has had a high culture beyond the nation ¬ European nations. The culture collapsed since the arrival of Western colonialism to their country. Together with the peoples of Asia, Africa nation to carry the revolution to reclaim its independence as the impact of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, on 18 to 25 April 1955.

1) Republic of Sudan
(A) Islam in Sudan
Islam came to Sudan during the expansion is done Badullah bin Said bin Abni Sarah. He tried to enter the city twice on government Noubah Usman bin Affan, ie in the year 200 H (640) and year 31 H (651). Agreement Said Baqi is the result of which is the political and economic tie.
Islamic kingdom in Sudan famous include: the Kingdom of Al Funji (1505-1802), Darafura Sultanate (1638-1875) and the kingdom Toqli began in 1507 until the late 19th century. Republic of Sudan capital in Khortum. The population is about 85% Muslim. The spread of Islam in the Sudan through the teaching of Sufism and the teachings of the Order of Arts. Influential Sufi figure who is:
- Abdul KadirJaelani (1179-1186)
- Abdul Hasan Asyadzali (1196-1258)
(B) Education and Culture
In North Sudan government established public schools and vocational schools, as well as the cottage-famous ¬ boarding school named Ma'hadul Ilmy established in 1901 in the General Darman, 12-year study period. There is a school teacher named Kuliyatul Mu'allmin.

2) Ethiopia
Basically Islam Islam have entered the country since the days of the Prophet was alive. Islam for Muslims brought by 15 people who moved to the country, led by Usman bin Affan and Ja'far bin Abi Thalb. Ethopla known Mabysylna or Habasyah the capital Addis Ababa.
Islamic development went smoothly, despite the obstacles. Propagation of Islam since the 17th century to the 19th, beyond the barrier of the Christian religion. In such areas many tribes converted to Islam as Takalih, Mansa'a and Tirtaramaja. The population is about 65% Muslim.

3) Somalia
This country has entered by Christianity than Islam first came of Ethiopia. Is ¬ lam at the time of entry into the country there religious war. Islam can ultimately thrive in Somalia. Muslims of different schools of thought, namely: there is bermadzab Syunni and there are Shiite. The next field of the congregation there who embrace the teachings Tasyawuf Qadariyah, Shalihiyah and Rifaiyah. Highest number of mosques and madrasas in the Djibouti area. Including the famous mosque Nur mosque, Mosque Said Cain and Hasan.
In the 16th century almost all of Somalia's population had converted to Islam, when colonized by the British, Somali Muslims in revolt under the leadership of Muhammad bin Abdullah until the year 1412. Then proclaimed in, Rinya as caliph Tarikh Shalahiyah. Somali Muslims in general bermadzhab Imam Shafi'i.

4) South Africa
Islam entered South Africa on April 2, 1692, led by Sheikh Yusuf of Gowa, religious adviser to Sultan Ageng Titayasa of Banton, who landed in Cape Town for the disposal of serving him by the Dutch colonial government because they are the enemy, together with members of his family.
From this, arises as a tribute to him the first Muslim to deliver the religion of Islam in the region until his death in 1699. The coming year Shaikh Yusuf immortalized on the side of a monument in the region in Malessar district, Cape Town.

5) Nigeria
Nigeria's independence in 1914 from Britain. Nigeria correspond with many Islamic countries, because it is in the rapidly growing Islamic Nigeria. About 75% of Nigeria's population were Muslims, the clan has now reached about 100 juts out. Lagos Nigeria's capital city, and is divided into 3 parts, namely Eastern Nigeria, NiGERIA West, and Southern Nigeria.
Muslims in Southern Nigeria Highly advanced preaching. Its activities are led by tribal Nasjuyora bermadzhab Qadariyah. One of the barriers are still many schools of preaching animism. Many Muslim northern Nigeria adopted school of Maliki. Usha their efforts, among others, founded the missionary organization, offering educational facilities in accordance with the modern world and to unite people across the regions beyond.

6) Egypt
Egypt is the only country in North Africa, are acquainted with. Islam is the first time during the reign of Caliph Umar Bin Khttab. Of Egypt is Islam then spread all North Africa.
One legacy of greatness Is ¬ lam in the past one of them, Al-Azhar University presence that stand founded in the year 972 by Fathimiyah dynasty. Al-Azhar is the oldest university in the world, and until now its existence is still considered as a place or container in print cadres’ formidable scholar. Now Al-Azhar not only organizes education in the field of religion but also in the field of other knowledge.

                                                                                                                        

Created By - Badrina Alfi