A. Development of Islam in Asia
1. Pakistan
Pakistan is located in South Asia, the majority of the Muslim population. In 1947 Pakistan separated from the territory of India for not wanting to be ruled by Hindu and Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Islam arrived in Pakistan at the time of Caliph Walid Bin Abullah Malik (705-715) of the Umayyads good fortune, at that time the people of Pakistan requested assistance from the Islamic kingdom cannot stand because of political pressure on family economic DLAN brahma. Sind finally dropped the Islamic army under the leadership of Muhammad Qosim. At Al Makmur of Abbasid period (813 m - 833 m) many Arab families moved to Sind.
The development of Islam in Pakistan with a missionary by the preachers of Pakistan and outside preachers in Pakistan there are a variety of organizations such as the organization headed by Abdul Ala Al-Mawdudi (1904 m) which is active in the magazine Al Muslim 1906 Muslim league standing organization led Ali Jinnah. Islam in 1969 basis states, 1971 eastern Pakistan became Bangladesh.
2. India
August 15, 1944 Britain granted independence to India. India is one of the countries which are in South Asia, the form of the Republic with its capital New Delhi. India's majority Hindu population, while people of other religions including the religion of Islam to be a minority. On August 15, 1947, Britain granted independence to India and Pakistan.
(A). The arrival of Islam in India
Islam entered India through Sind region, around the 8th century by Arab traders. According to historical records since the year 1290-1320 AD Khilji dynasty in power in Delhi, it is known from the mosque made of red sandstone and arc-shaped boat capsized.
Circa 1526-1707 AD India dominated by the Mughal Empire, Islam continues to flourish in his time and triumphed. The kingdom is ruled India about 3 (three) centuries. The first king named Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, who managed to defeat the Lodhi of Afghan tribes. Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur is a descendant fifth of Tamerlane who had invaded India. Babur was born in 1482 AD in Farghana His father was a ruler Shaikh Umar Farghana. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was Sirajudin.
When Sijarudin Bahadur Shah II became king, he evokes the spirit of the people of India and Muslims to expel the UK. British troops are reluctant to deploy large scale to attack India, army, Hindu-Muslim can be beaten back, so that the UK can occupy Delhi. Leader of Hindu and Muslim was arrested and then thrown out of India.
In 1858 MN, Bahadur Shah was expelled from the royal palace and thrown into, Rangoon (the capital of Burma) and finally died in the region. Further British rule in India till 1947 AD Indian Mughal Empire left many relics-¬ valuable historical relics such Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Gate of Victory in Fatahpur Sikri and magnificent palaces.
(B). Development of Islam in India
Long ruled India Is ¬ lam government, which began in 1290 AD by the Khilji dynasty till 1858 AD Growing influence of Islam in India since the 13th century when the people of Islam founded New Delhi mosque.
Indian Muslims are not getting fair treatment from the Hindu people. Therefore, frequent clashes, so that Muslims in India are very distressed situation. In doing da'wah, many Islamic foundations participating in quality and improving the image of the people. Likewise, Islamic organizations engaged in various fields of education, propaganda, economic, and cultural fields. Schools, Academies and Universities Islam as a historical relic is the Darul Uloom Islamic Empire and Nadwal on. Luck now, as well as the University Osmaniyyah.
3. Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a country in western Asia Power. Its capital Kabul to form Republic goverment. Population is almost 99% of religion Is ¬ lam.
(A). The entry of Islam in Afghanistan
since the 5th century BC Afghanistan region was part of the Persian Empire under the rule Achamenia Cyrus II the Great. This area later fell to Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. After his death changed hands to Afghanistan Seleucid Dynasty.
At the time of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan in 647 AD, led by commander Sa'd ibn Ash, Muslim forces succeeded in expanding their authority to the regions of Khorasan (now Afghanistan). since then, the Islamic religion as a reference and a powerful influence on all aspects of the lives of the Afghan people.
During the centuries, the area Afghanistan is a strategic place, resulting in cultural assimilation, especially those coming from Venice, Pakistan and Mughal.
(B). Development of Islam in Afghanistan
originally known with the title Khurasan Afghanistan. In 1773, the entire territory of Afghanistan can be conquered again by Nadir Shah. Ten years later the supreme authority of Afghanistan led by Ahmed Khan, and makes this area as stand-alone Emirates.
Around the 19th century, Britain and Russia continue to compete to be able to master the Afghanistan. Russia wants Afghanistan ¬ as the gateway to the Indian Ocean. Therefore, Russia's expansion into Afghanistan. On the other hand, in 1838 AD England made his first expedition to Afghanistan and the subsequent expedition in 1878 -1881 AD.
The process of modernization in the tradition of systems Afghanistan began in 1919 AD under the leadership of Amanullah Khan tried to implement modernization in Afghanistan. he was challenged by the traditional, especially from groups Shur Bazar Khan as Prime Minister. For 10 years David Khan Amanullah Khan's reforms continue.
Daud Khan led the 1973 military revolution overthrew King Zahir. Country was used as the Republic of Afghanistan. This group took power and set up a government similar to the communist country but many are opposed as contrary to the teachings of Islam, then there was a battle between the rebels, commonly called the Mujahideen government.
End of 1979, the Soviet Union into Afghanistan hold military expansion by directing thousands of troops, to help government troops fight the Mujahideen.
The reaction of the international community has sprung up, such as the United States, and was followed by about 50 other countries. The Soviet Union finally withdrew all its troops from Afghanistan, in mid-October 1989. The Soviet Union declared that war a lot more harm than good. This is surprising because the West since the first Soviet clandestine and rarely admits mistakes.
The development of Islam in Afghanistan in the arts and culture experienced considerable progress. It can take a look at the lasting monument. In addition to arts and culture there are many attractions that are a blend of religious elements in the city such as Mizani Sharif. Other buildings such as the Blue Mosque famous with large, majestic and blue-roofed and floored.
4. People's Republic of China (PRC)
PRC is a large country in the eastern part of the continent of Asia, since the 5th century AD existing trade route between the Arabs and the Chinese. Country of China is a country that has been developed. The Chinese were the first to develop a compass, machine, porcelain and clothes of silk and traded by foreigners like the Arabs.
(A) The entry of Islam in the PRC
Islam arrived in the early PRC through sea and land trade routes. The first time occurred the spread of Islam during the Tang Dynasty (618 ¬ 907 M). The first Muslims to spread Islam is known as Hui-Hui and Islam called Hui-Hui Chew, which means Holy Religion.
The arrival of Islam in the PRC occurred during the reign of Tai Tsung of Tang Dynasty. The man who first spread the religion of Is ¬ lam in China is Lubaid bin Saad Al Ethiopia and Yusuf. Saad preaching in the region and Chang Chuan Chow Chow while Joseph in Canton area. This can be evidenced by the brilliant mosques with minarets and mosques with a horn known as the mosque Zi Wai Shin keepsake for the Prophet. Two of the mosque is the oldest mosque in China.
(B) The development of Islam in the PRC
Muslims in the PRC may be grouped ¬ into two, namely:
- Native Chinese Muslims who use the Chinese language. They developed based on Islamic culture and civilization, this group is in the northern part.
- Muslims who use the language Turkeminia, this group lived in the province of Sin Kiang.
The number of Muslims in the PRC since 300 years ago 30% shrinkage, but a few years later the Muslims increased 65 million people. Muslims in the PRC generally bermazhab? Expert Sunnah wal Jamaah, following schools of Imam Abu Hanifa and Imam Malik.
In 1948 AD they were forced to nationalist ideology under the leadership of Chiang Kai Chek. Condition of the Muslims suffered greatly due to pressure from the regime of Chiang Kai Chek. Even though the pressure of the Muslims were able to build strength in Yunan. Yunnan is a province of China bordering Burma, the majority of the population embraced Is ¬ lam. There are 700 mosques and religious centers.
In the PRC, the population is not classified based on religion, but ethnic groups. According to the case in 1990, 17.6 million Chinese citizens are Muslims.
5. Singapore
Singapore being one of the ASEAN countries in the form of the Republic, the population consists of Malays, Jewish, Pakistani, Bengali, Arab, and European. Religion of Singapore's population is Muslim, Buddhist, Taoist, Hindu and Christian, Muslim population is only 20% of the entire population of Singapore.
Development of Islam in Singapore handheld by Ulema Council under the ministry of social. In Singapore there is also a body called the Supreme Islamic Sharia Court in charge of and decide everything related to Islamic activities such as zakat, waqf, marriage and others.
Muslims in Singapore have also established several Islamic organizations such as, Perdaus (Student Association of Religion Adult learner), the organization organized outside the formal school education. There are also CLIMBING, this organization was founded in 1981 by 9 MPs Muslim wither. The goal is to improve the socioeconomic status of the Singapore Muslim community are weaker and less educated. Also there proselytizing organization led by Ahmad Ichan. The goal is to advance the development of Muslims in Singapore.
6. Thailand
Thailand is a country in the form of constitutional monarchy, the capital Bangkok. The religion of the majority Buddhist population of Thailand, the Islamic Bergama only 10% of the total population. The mid-1990s, no less than 4.5 million people in Thailand, amounting to a total of 57 million, is the Muslim. Thai Muslims living in the area in the southern part of Pattani, Yala, Marathiwat and One.
Islam stands united in Thailand, founded by Indian Muslims in Thailand. Basic unity of Islam in Thailand is the Quran and the Sunnah. The goal is to convey the message of Islam to all parts of Thailand.
Preaching activities carried out through education. Besides that, the media published a magazine called Al-Ijtihad, the official magazine Using Thai language, published by the Islamic Association of Thailand.
The results of the activities that have been carried out by Muslims Thailand is also built Auschorrus Sunnah Madrasa in Pak Payong. Patalog province, 800 km south of Bangkok. Around the year 1962 in Thailand's southern Pattani Nationality emerging movement, this eventually became the National Islamic Revolutionary Party of Southern Siam
7. Philippines
Philippines is a country shaped by the Czech capital Manila, independence in 1946 AD Christians predominantly Catholic and the official language of Tagalog and English. Islam came to the Philippines around 1360, the majorities are in the South Philippines, Philippine Muslims known as "Moro" is derived from the term Moor ie those Muslims that exist in Spain. The nickname given the Spaniards who had colonized the Philippines.
The development of Islam in the Philippines is very alarming because the Is ¬ lam regarded as second-class citizens and Muslims are treated discrimination in all fields, one is a Philippine Muslim leader Nur Misuari who struggle with other people Muslim and the support of the Islamic world. he demanded autonomy rights Muslim Southern Philippines organization into the container this struggle is the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).
Muslim organizations in the Philippines have always been challenged and undermined, so that such organizations often have vacuums Association of Muslim Filipinos. There are several factors that led to the collapse of the organization include:
- There is no reliable leadership.
- Less sense of unity among the Muslims.
- There is a sense of tribalism in seizing power.
8. Malaysia
Malaysia is a country of ASEAN and adjoining the premises, so it has many similarities with the premises, Malaysia has 11 states with capital Kuala Lumpur, the Malay language is the official language, and most of the populations are ethnic Malays (53%), China (35%), India and Pakistan (10%). Malaysia's population comprises of three races, namely the Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Over 60% of the populations are Muslims.
To resolve the differences between the races formed the National Operations Council, as the supreme power to secure the state. In national development (National Building), Malaysia trying to avoid is being separated from the guidance of Islam. This has been agreed upon by experts in Malaysia, among others, Dr. Ismail Haji Ibrahim. Datuk Sri DR. Mahathir in his seminar wants the Malaysian government forms in all areas cannot be separated from the principles of the Qur'an and Hadith as well as the role of scholars, muftis and intellectuals.
Beginning of the 18th century, Muslims Ma ¬ dealt a disastrous blow not be separated from the people who pioneered Updates by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, namely to purify Islam of the Shiite doctrine and heresy and restore Islam to Al-Quran and Al Hadith.
These reforms followed by Muhammad Jamaludin Al Afgani and Muhammad Rashid Ridho. In Malaysia held a variety of activities coordinated by the World Islamic organizations (Natural Rabithah Islamy), such as:
(A) Establishing the Islamic Development Bank in 1973 (Islamic Develop ¬ ment Bank).
(B) Establishing the trial Rabithah Alam Islami 2nd in Kuala Lumpur.
(C) Following Congress Ihya Risalatul Mosque in Mecca on September 20 to 23 ¬ tember 1975.
(D) Hold a conference call to Islam in Southeast Asia and the Pacific in Kuala Lumpur on 11-14 January 1980.
(E) Holding Congress Da'wah Islamiyah in Southeast Asia Pacific on November 10-11, 1980.
9. Brunei Darussalam
Brunei Darussalam Bandar Sri Begawan city thousands, gained full independence from Britain on December 31, 1983. Population (total 343 650 (July 2001) consists of the Malays and Chinese, the official religion is Islam and its official language is Malay.
Islam entered Brunei Darussalam on the 16th century Sultanate of Brunei has a strong influence in the region so that its remit extends to several islands in the Southern Philippines. In carrying out the message of Islam, Brunei often bring the preachers of Indonesia. In addition to many preachers also bring a lot of teachers in various disciplines, especially the religious sciences and Arabic language. Islamic law is very influential on state laws.
As a country that based on Islam, Islamization Brunei heavily in public life. For example, efforts to Islamize the legal, economic and financial as well as establishing modern institutions in line with Islamic guidelines.
B. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in the Americas
1. USA
Large and developed countries is often get praise and insults from other countries, including the Indo ¬ drain. Many countries are oriented to the country, especially in technology. Indeed, in terms of mastery of science and technology is quite advanced, but in terms of religion, life is extremely dry. On the other hand, curses attached country is because their roles are blindly against terrorism and double standards that addressed other countries that seek to impede the interests of domestic, about the history of Islam in this country is not clear, because there has been no scientific research about it. About 1930 known man named Wallace Ford Muhammad (Wall Ford), spread Islam in America began in the Negro community. Racism and discrimination is still felt in America, even though slavery was legally abolished in 1865. Therefore, Ford was attempting to eliminate them based on the Qur'an.
As for the efforts he made were:
- In 1932 the school established the Low, School of Women and Islamic Universe ¬ bags in Detroit.
- Establish an Islamic organization called "Nation of Islam".
- Educating the Muslim traders was tough.
In 1934 Ford was replaced by his student Muhammad named Elijah Muhammad. Since then the center of the Nation of Islam moved to Chicago. He jointly followers feel confident, that the religion of Islam man can find true happiness.
With a mission carried out, they get encouraging results, so many personalities who converted to Islam ¬ figures such as Malcolm X an orator (speaker) American Negro accomplished and internationally. He changed his name to Ali Hajj Malik Al Shahabaa. Muhammad Ali also former world heavyweight boxing champion who was originally named Cassius Clay. Similarly, the new-new ¬ Mike Tyson converted to Islam while in prison by renaming Malik Abdul Aziz.
Islamic development efforts continue to be made in America. This was proven in 1960 Elijah Muhammad Speak could publish a magazine as one of the means of propaganda. Januan 25th 1975 Elijah Muhammad died later replaced by his son, Imam Warith Deen Muhammad. Development of Islam under his leadership made progress and lively. Because his message is not limited to the Negro community, but also to other people. Efforts of Warith Deen Muhammad, among others:
(A) Problem Aqidah
Regarding the general belief in the Negro community still deviate from the actual street, it Warith Deen Muhammad held a renewal and purification based on the teachings of Quran and Hadith. Therefore, he was dubbed the "Mujadid" by his followers.
(B). Organizational Problem
To expand the horizons of development of Islam, the Nations of Islam in 1976 was changed to the World Community of Islam in West in order to expand into other nations.
Development of Islam can flourish in America mainly due to two things, first the immigration of Muslims from various countries, and the second entry of Islam of our new brothers from other religions because of the teachings of Islam in accordance with nature / heart in man, and the third, the number of Muslim students from Islamic countries studying.
1993 data put the number of Muslims reached 5-8 million. This means that the number of Muslims has surpassed the Jews, and became the second largest religion after Christianity in American Protestantism.
2. Venezuela
Islam actually come in this country when the Spanish built their colonies in 1509 in the town of Darien to 1.8 centuries AD Among the sailors who come, there are many Muslims who hide being muslim. They did so after Spain fell at the hands of Christians. Because at that time many of the Muslims who were killed and those who mingle become many sailors.
In the 18th century AD many Muslims coming from the Syrians, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. In 1840 Muslim minorities began to participate in various areas of life, whether economic, social or political. It is not because of ideals and morals altitude displayed Muslims.
After World War II ended, came the problem of Palestine, so that throngs of refugees from the region, it comes to protection and decent life. Their arrival adds to the number of Muslims, to reach tens of thousands. As the realization of Islamic brotherhood they began to build a place of worship. Venezuela is a country of the Republic that there d Northern coast of Latin America. State that thousands of the city's surrounding Caracas population 1968 amounted to 45 thousand people, with details of 15 thousand from Lebanon, 14 thousand people from the Syrians, Palestine 11 thousand people, two thousand people from Southeast Asia and India and 3 thousand people from Eastern Europe. While the descendants of Andalusia (Spain) own about 10 thousand people, they live in the capital and surrounding areas. They are also scattered in the city of Barcelona, Madurina, Marcay, Marcabio and others.
C. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in Continental Europe
Countries in Europe at the present time has a lot to acknowledge and recognize the role of Islam in Europe in promoting the mesa. It is widely recognized by Western scholars, so that the recognition gives the gate in the development of Islam.
1) Austria
Along with the rise of Islamic century, the capital of Austria (Vienna) held the inauguration of the "Islamic Center" the first time. This building can accommodate around 30,000 Muslims under the name: "Moslem Social Service" and a madrassa as a place to learn the Koran and also the mosque adjacent to the UN building in Vienna.
Occurred when the inauguration, the President of Austria (Rudolf) and Bruno Kreitschy Prime Minister and Minister of Education Teaching Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al Khuwithir were present. In his speech the President and Prime Minister of Austria will protect ¬ Islamic Centre building that is the symbol of both Austrian relations with the Islamic world in general.
Austrian government also recognizes that the Muslim population is the number 2 (two), after Christianity with the amount of 100,000 (as of 1987). Activity taking place in the development of Islam borne and carried out by Muslims.
2) Belgium
Belgium is a country kingdom, this country has recognized Islam as one of the official religions. Recognition was listed in the Belgian Law, promulgated on July 17, 1874.
In 1975, Islamic religious education has been incorporated into the curriculum and the teachers have got good and got a gap from the government. The incoming Islamic religious education curriculum is the Qur'an, Arabic and Islamic sciences religion. They apply to the education curriculum for primary, junior and senior. The number of mosques until now numbered 240.
In Belgium in 1980 had held the European Islamic Conference which was held in the Belgian capital Brussels. Until now the number of Muslims in Belgium around 350,000 people.
3) Spain
Muslims in Spain has experienced its heyday when it was under the rule of the Umayyad Daulah (718-1492 AD). Many relics Islamic heritage that is still to be seen in Spain as a witness to history. Mosque of Cordova, Al Hambra Palace, Al Andalusia, Granada and others became proof of the greatness of Islam in Spain.
Because Islam Islamic life and culture form, until now was the values of Is ¬ lam still made an impression on the people of Spain, despite the efforts of the entire burial containing the values to Islamization continued after Spain fell into Christian hands. Restraint and removal of the business process occurred Islamic identity until the 20th century AD In 1978 a new Act, Spain has been raised all religions on an equal level and equal treatment and freedom is guaranteed by law.
Now it appears that Islamic activities begin life again, as in Cordova that was once the pride of the capital of Muslim past. Cordova is a remnant Magnificent Mosque. Lately, the Kingdom used the mosque Eid prayer and Eid al-Adha. Now the number of Muslims (as of 1995) of 250,000, there were also two mosques, 6 units being built, and about 300 other places are used as a place of worship.
4) Germany
Until now the German government has not recognized Islam as the official religion, though the development of Islam goes well, because there has been established an organization "Islamic Centre" led by the Turks. This organization has sufficient funds and have extensive branch to overseas, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, so it has a membership of about 100 thousand people.
Islamic Da'wah many nations mobilized entrants such as Turkey, Iran, Egypt, and Indonesia. In West Germany the number of mosques is now up to 600 pieces. Mosques are generally three-story, because it has several functions, namely lower rate for buying and selling activities to meet the needs of Muslims, madrasas and level two to level three for prayer. Muslims in Germany are now numbered about 3.2 million people. Islam is the religion of the majority of the third.
5) Netherlands
Islam in the Netherlands has grown rapidly thanks to the struggle of Abdul Wahid Van Rommel (native Dutch). Islamic organizations have been established headed by Abdul Wahid. Through these organizations, he is fighting for the rights, in order to perform the obligatory prayers five times including Friday prayers Muslims who are in this country are generally composed of immigrants from Turkey, Pakistan ¬, Morocco and others. With the amount of 4%, Islam is now the usual atmosphere in the country dubbed the Windmill. Diverse architecture mosques and madrassas spread all over the country. Number of people who converted to Islam increased tenfold. Data shows 54 thousand, increased to 108 thousand (1975). In 1980 increased to 225 thousand, while in 1997 increased to 573 thousand.
6) England
In the spread of Islam in the country, mozabores is a very meritorious. he actively disseminate Islamic knowledge. he changed his name. to Peter Al Ponsi. He is also known as a court physician of King Henry I. That is why the development of Islam in the country very rapidly. Islamic teaching is done on a day off, which is on Saturday and Sunday, both for children and adults. Now the number reached 1.5 million Muslim communities.
There are several Islamic organizations that stand in the UK, among others:
- The Islamic Council of Europe (Council of European Islam) as supervisor of European culture.
- The Union of Moslem Organization (Union of Islamic Organizations of England).
- The Moslem Institute Association. Both are engaged in research. The members consisted of the British people and immigrants.
In central London have built the Great Mosque (Central Mosque) which was completed in 1977. The mosque is located in Regents Park is able to accommodate about 4000 people. as this mosque designer Frederick Gobberd and Partners. The mosque is equipped with a library as a center of educational, social and administrative activities. Muslims have also been purchased at a price of 85,000 pound sterling church in central London. The church changed the form of the mosque, and will use as a place of education and teaching Islamic sciences.
Because English is the Islamic Cultural Center for all of Europe under the supervision of the Islamic Council of Europe, then in the conference events (European Islamic Conference in the city of Brussels in 1980) held an exhibition of Islamic culture festivals, namely:
(A) The objects of Persian metalwork.
(B) Al-Quran and the texts of ancient pal ¬ ing.
(C) Arts Hausa tribes.
(D) Music and musical instruments.
(E) Science and Technology in Islam. The exhibition was opened by Shahbanan Iran, Empress Farah Diba.
(F) Islamic Art. It is the center of the festival is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth.
(G) Rugs of Central Asia.
(H) Nomadic Tribes (which move ¬-move) in 10 cities.
(I) The paintings of the Palace of Islam.
(J) Isfahan city of light and life.
Also exhibited a water clock that measures 12 feet, width 12 feet. The clock is used by the people of Islam 600-700 years ago. Also exhibited the first to translate the Qur'an into a European language by an Englishman named Robert Kotton Routland. Al Quran was translated when he was in Spain (XII century AD).
Causing factors of the festival was held in the UK, are:
(A) Because the city of London is considered the most practical to organize the festival.
(B) Muslims in Britain are the most numerous in comparison with existing Muslims in Western European countries, which is about 1 million people.
(C) Most of the centers and organizations scattered in Western Europe centered in the city of London in a coordinating body called the Islamic of Europe.
(D) The British Orient lists had already acquainted with Islam and its culture than the scholars who come from other countries in Europe.
(E) The Qur'an was first introduced into Europe is a graduate of Robert Kotton that translates English into Latin.
7) France
French into English the closest neighbor. Slowly but surely, the Muslims are well-developed. Although not as big as the development of Islam in the UK showed symptoms of revival in France.
Many scholars in France had embraced Islam, among others: choreographer (choreographer) famous, Maurie Bejart, oceanographer (oceanographer), Yves Jasque Causeans, and a renowned author Roger Garaudy and Maurice Bucaile medical experts.
France has the largest percentage of Muslim population in Europe. Now make up about 4 million (7% of the total population of France). In France there are already translated the Koran into French by an orient list, Jasque Berque.
8) Italy
The development of Islam in this country is not like other European countries. Nevertheless, Muslims have been able to lay the first stone of the mosque in the heart of the Roman Catholic world in 1984. The mosque is built on ground Morst Antenedi Parioli, an area in the city of Catania orderly (Silicia).
In 1973, Muslims filed a petition to establish an Islamic cultural center to the Vatican.
Muslims in Italy based on the data in 1999 totaled about 500,000 to 1 million people. Despite being a minority group, Muslim Roma were able to coexist well with other ethnicities.
9) Yugoslavia
The number of foreign faiths Is ¬ lam About a 4 million of the 22 million overall (data 1981). The development of Islam in the country is quite good, because it is supported by means of Islamic Universities in Sarajevo and about 2000 mosques as a means for the propagation of Islam. Islamic da'wah cost results obtained through the collection of zakat, infaq and other funds from Muslims.
Although the number of Christians as much, but lives with mutual aid support, respect, and peaceful co-existence. This is sometimes reflected in the day Qurban arrived, many Muslims give beef to Christians, but since 1992 the ethnic war between the people of Is ¬ lam and Christians in Yugoslavia famous "tragedy of Bosnia".
10) Albania
In the early 20th century this country the only one in the region ¬ European Muslim majority population, based on the many estimates, the Muslim community in Albania was recorded 3.3 million, 70% religious Islam (compaction of 1999), while the number of mosques around 800 fruit. Although the majority of the population are Muslims, but they often are pressured by both the communist system and the dictatorship of the leaders in the long term.
After 1990, only a few people are trying to re-arrange Albania faith. Not many people go to church or mosque, although religious leaders preach incessantly.
11) Russia
Russia is one of the 15 republics a former part of the Soviet Union. Islamic state in the former Soviet Union including Russia suffered a setback, because the Bolsheviks led by Lenin. The existences of Bolsheviks destroy Islam in Russia. Many mosques and places of worship Islam crushed and used as a means other like stables and shops. The next state of Islam in Russia can be seen from the development of Islam in the former Soviet Union. Muslims in the Soviet Union in 1983 no less than 40 million people. In Moscow itself is very quiet, little congregation, just most old man was alone and most crowded in the Eid al-Fitr.
As for the existence of barriers to Islam in Russia is a religion should not be brought into the government and society. Later in the pilgrimage to Mecca, only for old man was not working alone and
D. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in the continent of Australia
Australia is a continent located between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The name Australia comes from the Latin word meaning Terra Australialis mainland in the south.
In the 20th century AD mosque development in Australia is quite encouraging as many mosques are made by an Australian architect himself.
The development of the construction of mosques in Australia are as follows:
(A) In 1907 in Brisbane and a beautiful mosque founded by the great architect and Ismeth Abosi Sharif Abidin.
(B) In 1967 the mosque was founded in Queensland, with the name of the Islamic Centre under the leadership of Fethi Seith Mecea.
(C) In 1970 in Merebe inaugurated a mosque that can accommodate 300 worshipers with his priests H. Abdul Latif.
(D) In the City Sarrey Hill built the Great Mosque Faisal, the Saudi Arabia government assistance.
(E) In Sidney mosque was built at a cost of $ 900,000.
Islamic teachings in order to develop properly, then seminar for Islamic education, one in Brisbane Queensland Islamic Society, whose goal distributes Muslim children to pray and balk fellow human relationships. Their students consisted of children who come from Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Africa, Lebanon, Albania and Australia itself.
In an effort to improve the progress of Islam, established a variety of organizations, among others:
(A) the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (Federation of Islamic Councils Australia), based in Sidney.
(B) Federation of Islamic Association (Federation of Muslim). This organization is nationwide, covering nearly 35 pieces of local Muslim organizations comunity plus the 9-state Islamic councils ¬ state.
(C) Muslim Student Association (Muslim Students Association,). The organization issued a magazine "Al Manar" in Arabic and "Australian Minaret" in English. This magazine was first issued by the Federation of Islamic Society circulated to Australia Muslims scattered in New South Wales, Sydney, Victoria, Melbourne and regional ¬ other areas.
(D) Muslim Women's Centre (Centre for Islamic women women-¬) which aims to provide lessons on to Islamization and also give English lessons to the Muslims who came to Australia with less proficiency in English. In institutions established in October 1979.
E. The development of doctrine and Islamic Culture in Africa
Africa is the third largest continent in the world, the African nations past has had a high culture beyond the nation ¬ European nations. The culture collapsed since the arrival of Western colonialism to their country. Together with the peoples of Asia, Africa nation to carry the revolution to reclaim its independence as the impact of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, on 18 to 25 April 1955.
1) Republic of Sudan
(A) Islam in Sudan
Islam came to Sudan during the expansion is done Badullah bin Said bin Abni Sarah. He tried to enter the city twice on government Noubah Usman bin Affan, ie in the year 200 H (640) and year 31 H (651). Agreement Said Baqi is the result of which is the political and economic tie.
Islamic kingdom in Sudan famous include: the Kingdom of Al Funji (1505-1802), Darafura Sultanate (1638-1875) and the kingdom Toqli began in 1507 until the late 19th century. Republic of Sudan capital in Khortum. The population is about 85% Muslim. The spread of Islam in the Sudan through the teaching of Sufism and the teachings of the Order of Arts. Influential Sufi figure who is:
- Abdul KadirJaelani (1179-1186)
- Abdul Hasan Asyadzali (1196-1258)
(B) Education and Culture
In North Sudan government established public schools and vocational schools, as well as the cottage-famous ¬ boarding school named Ma'hadul Ilmy established in 1901 in the General Darman, 12-year study period. There is a school teacher named Kuliyatul Mu'allmin.
2) Ethiopia
Basically Islam Islam have entered the country since the days of the Prophet was alive. Islam for Muslims brought by 15 people who moved to the country, led by Usman bin Affan and Ja'far bin Abi Thalb. Ethopla known Mabysylna or Habasyah the capital Addis Ababa.
Islamic development went smoothly, despite the obstacles. Propagation of Islam since the 17th century to the 19th, beyond the barrier of the Christian religion. In such areas many tribes converted to Islam as Takalih, Mansa'a and Tirtaramaja. The population is about 65% Muslim.
3) Somalia
This country has entered by Christianity than Islam first came of Ethiopia. Is ¬ lam at the time of entry into the country there religious war. Islam can ultimately thrive in Somalia. Muslims of different schools of thought, namely: there is bermadzab Syunni and there are Shiite. The next field of the congregation there who embrace the teachings Tasyawuf Qadariyah, Shalihiyah and Rifaiyah. Highest number of mosques and madrasas in the Djibouti area. Including the famous mosque Nur mosque, Mosque Said Cain and Hasan.
In the 16th century almost all of Somalia's population had converted to Islam, when colonized by the British, Somali Muslims in revolt under the leadership of Muhammad bin Abdullah until the year 1412. Then proclaimed in, Rinya as caliph Tarikh Shalahiyah. Somali Muslims in general bermadzhab Imam Shafi'i.
4) South Africa
Islam entered South Africa on April 2, 1692, led by Sheikh Yusuf of Gowa, religious adviser to Sultan Ageng Titayasa of Banton, who landed in Cape Town for the disposal of serving him by the Dutch colonial government because they are the enemy, together with members of his family.
From this, arises as a tribute to him the first Muslim to deliver the religion of Islam in the region until his death in 1699. The coming year Shaikh Yusuf immortalized on the side of a monument in the region in Malessar district, Cape Town.
5) Nigeria
Nigeria's independence in 1914 from Britain. Nigeria correspond with many Islamic countries, because it is in the rapidly growing Islamic Nigeria. About 75% of Nigeria's population were Muslims, the clan has now reached about 100 juts out. Lagos Nigeria's capital city, and is divided into 3 parts, namely Eastern Nigeria, NiGERIA West, and Southern Nigeria.
Muslims in Southern Nigeria Highly advanced preaching. Its activities are led by tribal Nasjuyora bermadzhab Qadariyah. One of the barriers are still many schools of preaching animism. Many Muslim northern Nigeria adopted school of Maliki. Usha their efforts, among others, founded the missionary organization, offering educational facilities in accordance with the modern world and to unite people across the regions beyond.
6) Egypt
Egypt is the only country in North Africa, are acquainted with. Islam is the first time during the reign of Caliph Umar Bin Khttab. Of Egypt is Islam then spread all North Africa.
One legacy of greatness Is ¬ lam in the past one of them, Al-Azhar University presence that stand founded in the year 972 by Fathimiyah dynasty. Al-Azhar is the oldest university in the world, and until now its existence is still considered as a place or container in print cadres’ formidable scholar. Now Al-Azhar not only organizes education in the field of religion but also in the field of other knowledge.
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