Introduction
Developing
communicative competence in two or more languages gives individuals
opportunities to express their feelings and thoughts and shape their identity.
It also helps them satisfy their individual and social needs in the different contexts
of the languages used. The phenomena of code switching and code mixing of
languages have long intrigued scholars who have examined what triggers such
occurrences (Muysken, 2000; Wei, 2005). However, most research has been in
face-to-face communication and in bilingual communities (See Chan, 2004;
Muysken, 2000; Myer-Scotton, 1992; Wei, 1998) with few studies in the context
of computer mediated communication (Danet & Herring, 2003; Durham, 2003;
Goldbarg, 2009; Ho, 2006; Huang, 2004; ).
Code
mixing phenomenon is occurs in Facebook social media especially in Indonesia. There are many code mixing phenomenon in fan page of NET
Mediatama Indonesia in Facebook. This
paper tries to discuss about types of code mixing phenomenon in fan page of NET
Mediatama Indonesia in Facebook.
Theoretical Background
Code:
In
everyday interaction, people
usually choose different
codes in different situation. They may choose a
particular code or variety because it makes them easier to discuss a particular
topic, regardless where they are speaking. When talking about work or school at
home, for instance, they may use the language that is related to those fields
rather than the language used in daily language communication at home.
A
code is a system that is used by people to communicate with each other. When
people want to talk each other, they have to choose a particular code to
express their feeling. According to Stockwell, a code is “a symbol of
nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular
language, or dialect, or register, or accent, or style on different occasions
and for different purposes.”
Ronald
Wardaugh also maintains that a code can be defined as “a system used for
communication between two or more parties used on any occasions.” When two
or more people communicate with each other in
speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code.
Therefore, people are
usually required to
select a particular
code whenever they choose to speak, and they may
also decide to
switch from one
code to another or to mix codes,
sometimes in very short utterances and it means to create a code.
From
those opinions of the code given
by many linguists
above, we can make conclusion
that a code can be
said as a
language. The code is a form of
the language variation that is used by a society to make communication with
other people.
Speech Community:
Human
beings are social beings who are always committed to a certain group of people
called a community. A particular community has its own characteristics,
including the way of its communication. This community is called speech
community.
Bloomfield
offers the simple definition of speech community. He says that a speech community is a group of
people who interact by means of speech. Spolsky also defines speech community
as “all the people who speak a single language and so share notions of what is
same or different in phonology or grammar.”
Because
of the system, Gumperz further states that “the language of a speech community
can be analyzed both within the context of the language itself and also within
the broader context of social behavior”. One example of this phenomenon is
language switching and mixing.
Bilingualism/ Multilingualism:
Most
people as speakers usually occupy more than one code and require a selected
code whenever they choose to speak with other people. The phenomenon of people
having two or more than two codes (languages) is called bilingualism or
multilingualism.
To
clarify the term bilingualism or multilingualism, Spolsky defines a bilingual
as “a person who has some functional ability in the second language.” This
may vary from a limited
ability in one
or more domains,
to very strong
command of both languages. According to Bloomfield,
bilingualism is a situation where a speaker can use two languages as well.
Gumperz
also mentions that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group
communication and the common language for their interaction and communication
with outsiders. In this case, the
bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice meaning
that bilinguals are able to choose which language that he is going to use.
In
other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of
mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a
condition where they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to
do code switching and code mixing.
Code mixing:
Code-mixing
is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the
same oral/written text. It is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or
more languages are used. Studies of code-mixing enhance our understanding of
the nature, processes and constraints of language and of the relationship
between language use and individual values, communicative strategies, language
attitudes and functions within particular socio-cultural contexts.
Code
mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of
topic. Nababan said that, code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions.
In formal situation, the speaker tends
to mix it
because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary
to use words
or idioms from other language.
Referring
to the different characteristics and features of code-mixing, various linguists
have defined it in different ways. For instance O”
Numan
and Carter define code-mixing as, “a phenomenon of switching from one language
to another in the same discourse.” According to Berthold, Mangubhai and
Bartorowiez 1997, code-mixing occurs when speakers shift from one language to
the other in the midst of their conversation. Thus this definition accommodates
inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential mixing both under the term code
switching.
Code-mixing
is an interesting phenomenon in bilingual societies. Code-mixing leads to
language hybridization that in turn gives birth to the issues of language
maintenance, shift, and desertion. Wardhaugh (1992), characterizes that code
mixing occurs when during conversation, speakers “use both languages together
to the extent that they shift from one language to the other in the course of a
single utterance”. In code-mixing sentences, pieces of one language are used
while a speaker basically using another language.
Code
mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of
topic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in
language A and the rest in language B. In addition, Nababan, a linguist, said
that code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation,
the speaker tends
to mix it
because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary
to use words
or idioms from other language.
At
last, we can say the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurrence of
code mixing. It happens when a speaker requires a particular code, in order to
switch or mix one code to another and even create a new code.
Features of Code Mixing:
Code-mixing
is a phenomenon of switching one language to another in such communities where
people are bilingualism or multilingualism. If we talk about features of code
mixing then we come to top know that; Sridhar, a linguist, has elaborated the
following three features of code mixing through analysis of a text.
These features are an applicable on
the everyday language use:
The
mixed elements are on every level of grammatical organization such as noun,
verbs, attributive and predicative adjectives, and noun phrases etc.
The
mixed elements are not specifically culture oriented or ‘culture bond’. They
are mostly from day to day life and every day usage items, which have
acceptable equivalent in the language in which they are mixed.
The
mixed elements obey the rules of the original language from which they are
taken as far as their grammatical organization is concerned
Code Mixing: Linguistic form:
In
some subjects we have difficulty in coding for language diaries due to delicate
differentiation between our mother language and English mix in daily
utterances. In some cases, English proper names and acronyms were not counted
as English linguistic elements. In others, certain English words have become
somewhat lexicalized in some other language and treated as pure parts of that
language. Examples include “Mummy” (mama), “BB” (baby), “OK” and
“Bye-Bye”.
In
fact, the difficulty in coding has highlighted a significant issue: how mixed
is a mixed code? Code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two
or more language systems in the same utterance at various levels: phonological,
lexical, grammatical and orthographical. Due to constraints of space, the
discussion will focus on lexical and grammatical code-mixing.
·
Phrases
·
Short forms
·
Proper
nouns
·
Lexical words
·
Incomplete sentences
·
Letters of the alphabet
·
Single full sentences and two-sentence
Units
Code Mixing: Socio Cultural Meaning:
Code
mixing plays a very significant role in language variation, and also provides
an insight into the socio-cultural phenomena taking place in that area or
region, through the linguistic choices of the people. Code mixing is done in
almost all the languages of the world; however, South Asia is a fertile field
for search in code mixing since in all South Asian countries a wide range of
codes exist simultaneously, and their interaction given way to code mixing.
Code mixing is a social phenomenon; and social and linguistic characteristics
of code mixing are interlinked. The social aspects of code mixing i.e. the
setting, addressee, and addresser as well as other social factor such as
prestige attached to a particular language, socio-historical background of a
language etc. determine the linguistic choices and preferences in the process
of code mixing. On the other hand the linguistic choices of items to be code
mixed reflect the socio-cultural context.
Types of Code Mixing:
Ø Intra-lexical
code mixing:
Ø Involving
a change of pronunciation
Ø Intra-sentential
switching / code mixing
Intra-Lexical Mixing:
This kind
of code mixing
which occurs within
a word boundary. The insertion of well-defined
chunks of language B into a sentence that otherwise belongs to language A.
Insertion of words from one language into a structure of another language.
This is example of code mixing that occurs in Netmedia
Indonesia fan page, namely; Waiting
List
sih suatu hal wajar, mengingat animo masyarakat yg tinggi akan satu ibadah ini. The word “waiting list” belongs to English which “sih
suatu hal wajar, mengingat animo masyarakat yg tinggi akan satu ibadah ini.” Belongs to Indonesian.
Involving a Change of Pronunciation:
This
kind of code mixing occurs at the
phonological level, as
when Indonesian people say an
English word, but
modify it to
Indonesian phonological structure.
For instance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by
Indonesian people. The use of
element from either language in a structure that is wholly or partly shared by
languages A or B.
This is
the other example that occurs in Net Mediatama fan fage “Uplod
doong eps 4 sama 5 nya jangan 2 minggu sekali kelamaan nanti keburu galau
hahaha” the word ‘Upload’ is said to
be ‘Uplod’ by Indonesian. The word upload is modified to Indonesian
phonological structure.
Intra-Sentential:
The
succession of fragments in language A and B in a sentence, which is overall not
identifiable as belonging to either A, or B and do come again. `That's all
right then, and do come again.
There is
no code mixing phenomenon which include in intra-sentential in Net Mediatama
Indonesia fan fage.
Code
mixing that occurs at Net Mediatama Indonesia fan page:
These are the data that I have collected at Net Mediatama
Indonesia fan fage, namely:
a. Malam
ini akan ada penampilan spektakuler dari D'Masiv, Andien, Keith Martin, Sandy
Sandoro, Fatin, Petra Sihombing dan Luanada hanya di "GEBYAR BCA SECRET GARDEN" Sabtu,
25 April 2015 pkl. 20.00 WIB. Live
Streaming [Intra-Lexical
Mixing] di: ..... (25
April pukul 11:00)
b. Mas
Adi nyebelin banget hahaha!!! #TetanggaMasaGitu " Ya Udah
kalau kamu ga mau pulang, jangan lupa transfer [Intra-Lexical Mixing] uang jajan aku ya " (24
April pukul 21:00)
c. Waiting List
[Intra-Lexical Mixing] sih suatu hal wajar, mengingat animo
masyarakat yg tinggi akan satu ibadah ini. (24
April pukul 23:34)
d. Saat
syuting
[Involving a Change of Pronunciation] pasangan satu
ini selalu aja ngegemesin. Ini nih kita kasih lihat kamu Behind The Scene [Intra-Lexical
Mixing] Bintang dan
Bastian di beberapa adegan. #TetanggaMasaGitu (27
April pukul 19:30)
e. #Ridwan_Kamil
is the best .... [Intra-Lexical Mixing] Smga Kota Bandung smakin maju lagi... (24
April pukul 18:14)
f. Share
[Intra-Lexical Mixing]sebanyak banyak nya untuk aksi 20 mei. (24
April pukul 16:00)
g. Copas
[Intra-Lexical Mixing] ts [Intra-Lexical Mixing] ku ini wahai saudara kami di Mahasiswa
- jika akun ini di banned [Intra-Lexical Mixing] carilah aku - Rowan Khalid / NU Garis
Lurus (24
April pukul 16:00)
h. udah
tayang kok check [Intra-Lexical Mixing] di channel
youtubenya [Intra-Lexical Mixing] ya (24
April pukul 18:26)
i.
Kemudian dia mengambil diploma di Kanada
di bidang Film dan Special Effects [Intra-Lexical Mixing]. (24
April pukul 10:00)
j.
KAA menjadi wadah bertukar pikiran
sekaligus simbol [Involving
a Change of Pronunciation] konkrit [Involving
a Change of Pronunciation]
solidaritas antar bangsa Asia-Afrika. (24
April pukul 11:30)
k. Kita
punya program baru nih namanya Celebrity Lipsync Combat. Penasaran seperti apa check [Intra-Lexical
Mixing] promonya di link [Intra-Lexical
Mixing] ini : (23
April pukul 18:32)
l.
apa slot
[Intra-Lexical
Mixing] tayangan
udah penuh? ( 23
April pukul 18:33)
m. Uplod
doong eps 4 sama 5 nya jangan 2 minggu sekali kelamaan nanti keburu galau
hahaha (23
April pukul 17:58)
n. Coba
tebak posisi berapa bajaj Red Bull sekarang ? (Foto by [Intra-Lexical
Mixing] :
iqmaltahir.wordpress) (23
April pukul 15:30)
o. Minions
karakter kuning menggemaskan yang filmnya booming [Intra-Lexical Mixing] di tahun 2010 dan 2013 silam ini. (23
April pukul 10:00)
p. Simak
informasi selengkapnya di link [Intra-Lexical Mixing] berikut : (22
April pukul 22:00)
q. Biasanya
musik barat melulu tuh yang cover [Intra-Lexical Mixing], mentang-mentang pembawa acaranya lebih
doyan ngomong pake bahasa inggris!? (22
April pukul 14:34)
Conclusion
There many code mixing occurs in Net Mediatama Indonesia
fan page in facebook. There are three types of code mixing, namely;
Intra-lexical meaning, involving a change of pronunciation, and intra-sentential. There is involving a
change of pronunciation occurs in Net Mediatama Indonesia fan page, and the
most occur is intra-lexical meaning, but there is no intra-sentential occurs in
Net Mediatama Indonesia fan fage.
References
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