Showing posts with label Linguistics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Linguistics. Show all posts

Saturday 20 June 2015

Mini Research of Code-Mixing Phenomenon in NET Mediatama Indonesia in Facebook



Introduction
Developing communicative competence in two or more languages gives individuals opportunities to express their feelings and thoughts and shape their identity. It also helps them satisfy their individual and social needs in the different contexts of the languages used. The phenomena of code switching and code mixing of languages have long intrigued scholars who have examined what triggers such occurrences (Muysken, 2000; Wei, 2005). However, most research has been in face-to-face communication and in bilingual communities (See Chan, 2004; Muysken, 2000; Myer-Scotton, 1992; Wei, 1998) with few studies in the context of computer mediated communication (Danet & Herring, 2003; Durham, 2003; Goldbarg, 2009; Ho, 2006; Huang, 2004; ).
Code mixing phenomenon is occurs in Facebook social media especially in Indonesia. There are many code mixing phenomenon in fan page of NET Mediatama Indonesia in Facebook. This paper tries to discuss about types of code mixing phenomenon in fan page of NET Mediatama Indonesia in Facebook.
Theoretical Background
Code:
In everyday interaction, people   usually   choose   different   codes   in   different situation. They may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking. When talking about work or school at home, for instance, they may use the language that is related to those fields rather than the language used in daily language communication at home.
A code is a system that is used by people to communicate with each other. When people want to talk each other, they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling. According to Stockwell, a code is “a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language, or dialect, or register, or accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes.”
Ronald Wardaugh also maintains that a code can be defined as “a system used for communication between two or more parties used on any occasions.” When   two   or   more   people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code. Therefore,  people  are  usually  required  to  select  a  particular  code whenever they choose to speak, and they  may  also  decide  to  switch  from  one  code  to another or to mix codes, sometimes in very short utterances and it means to create a code.
From those opinions of the  code  given  by  many  linguists  above, we can  make conclusion that a code  can  be  said  as  a  language.  The code is a form of the language variation that is used by a society to make communication with other people.
Speech Community:
Human beings are social beings who are always committed to a certain group of people called a community. A particular community has its own characteristics, including the way of its communication. This community is called speech community.
Bloomfield offers the simple definition of speech community.  He says that a speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech. Spolsky also defines speech community as “all the people who speak a single language and so share notions of what is same or different in phonology or grammar.”
Because of the system, Gumperz further states that “the language of a speech community can be analyzed both within the context of the language itself and also within the broader context of social behavior”. One example of this phenomenon is language switching and mixing.
Bilingualism/ Multilingualism:
Most people as speakers usually occupy more than one code and require a selected code whenever they choose to speak with other people. The phenomenon of people having two or more than two codes (languages) is called bilingualism or multilingualism.
To clarify the term bilingualism or multilingualism, Spolsky defines a bilingual as “a person who has some functional ability in the second language.”  This  may vary from a limited  ability  in  one  or  more  domains,  to  very  strong  command  of  both languages. According to Bloomfield, bilingualism is a situation where a speaker can use two languages as well.
Gumperz also mentions that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with outsiders.  In this case, the bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice meaning that bilinguals are able to choose which language that he is going to use.
In other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code switching and code mixing.
Code mixing:
Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written text. It is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are used. Studies of code-mixing enhance our understanding of the nature, processes and constraints of language and of the relationship between language use and individual values, communicative strategies, language attitudes and functions within particular socio-cultural contexts. 
Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Nababan said that, code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the  speaker  tends  to  mix  it  because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is  necessary  to  use  words  or  idioms  from other language.
Referring to the different characteristics and features of code-mixing, various linguists have defined it in different ways. For instance O”
Numan and Carter define code-mixing as, “a phenomenon of switching from one language to another in the same discourse.” According to Berthold, Mangubhai and Bartorowiez 1997, code-mixing occurs when speakers shift from one language to the other in the midst of their conversation. Thus this definition accommodates inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential mixing both under the term code switching.
Code-mixing is an interesting phenomenon in bilingual societies. Code-mixing leads to language hybridization that in turn gives birth to the issues of language maintenance, shift, and desertion. Wardhaugh (1992), characterizes that code mixing occurs when during conversation, speakers “use both languages together to the extent that they shift from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. In code-mixing sentences, pieces of one language are used while a speaker basically using another language.
Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in language B. In addition, Nababan, a linguist, said that code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the  speaker  tends  to  mix  it  because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is  necessary  to  use  words  or  idioms  from other language.
At last, we can say the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurrence of code mixing. It happens when a speaker requires a particular code, in order to switch or mix one code to another and even create a new code.
Features of Code Mixing:
Code-mixing is a phenomenon of switching one language to another in such communities where people are bilingualism or multilingualism. If we talk about features of code mixing then we come to top know that; Sridhar, a linguist, has elaborated the following three features of code mixing through analysis of a text.
These features are an applicable on the everyday language use:
The mixed elements are on every level of grammatical organization such as noun, verbs, attributive and predicative adjectives, and noun phrases etc.
The mixed elements are not specifically culture oriented or ‘culture bond’. They are mostly from day to day life and every day usage items, which have acceptable equivalent in the language in which they are mixed.
The mixed elements obey the rules of the original language from which they are taken as far as their grammatical organization is concerned
Code Mixing: Linguistic form:
In some subjects we have difficulty in coding for language diaries due to delicate differentiation between our mother language and English mix in daily utterances. In some cases, English proper names and acronyms were not counted as English linguistic elements. In others, certain English words have become somewhat lexicalized in some other language and treated as pure parts of that language. Examples include “Mummy” (mama), “BB” (baby), “OK” and “Bye-Bye”. 
In fact, the difficulty in coding has highlighted a significant issue: how mixed is a mixed code? Code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in the same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and orthographical. Due to constraints of space, the discussion will focus on lexical and grammatical code-mixing. 
·         Phrases
·         Short forms
·         Proper  nouns
·         Lexical words
·         Incomplete sentences
·         Letters of the alphabet
·         Single full sentences and two-sentence Units
Code Mixing: Socio Cultural Meaning:
Code mixing plays a very significant role in language variation, and also provides an insight into the socio-cultural phenomena taking place in that area or region, through the linguistic choices of the people. Code mixing is done in almost all the languages of the world; however, South Asia is a fertile field for search in code mixing since in all South Asian countries a wide range of codes exist simultaneously, and their interaction given way to code mixing. Code mixing is a social phenomenon; and social and linguistic characteristics of code mixing are interlinked. The social aspects of code mixing i.e. the setting, addressee, and addresser as well as other social factor such as prestige attached to a particular language, socio-historical background of a language etc. determine the linguistic choices and preferences in the process of code mixing. On the other hand the linguistic choices of items to be code mixed reflect the socio-cultural context.
Types of Code Mixing:
Ø  Intra-lexical code mixing:
Ø  Involving a change of pronunciation
Ø  Intra-sentential switching / code mixing


Intra-Lexical Mixing:
This  kind  of  code  mixing  which  occurs  within  a  word  boundary. The insertion of well-defined chunks of language B into a sentence that otherwise belongs to language A. Insertion of words from one language into a structure of another language.
This is example of code mixing that occurs in Netmedia Indonesia fan page, namely; Waiting List sih suatu hal wajar, mengingat animo masyarakat yg tinggi akan satu ibadah ini. The word “waiting list” belongs to English which “sih suatu hal wajar, mengingat animo masyarakat yg tinggi akan satu ibadah ini.” Belongs to Indonesian.
Involving a Change of Pronunciation:
This kind of code mixing occurs  at  the  phonological  level,  as  when  Indonesian people say  an  English  word,  but  modify  it  to  Indonesian  phonological  structure.  For instance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by Indonesian people. The use of element from either language in a structure that is wholly or partly shared by languages A or B.
            This is the other example that occurs in Net Mediatama fan fage “Uplod doong eps 4 sama 5 nya jangan 2 minggu sekali kelamaan nanti keburu galau hahaha” the word ‘Upload’ is said to be ‘Uplod’ by Indonesian. The word upload is modified to Indonesian phonological structure.
Intra-Sentential:
The succession of fragments in language A and B in a sentence, which is overall not identifiable as belonging to either A, or B and do come again. `That's all right then, and do come again.
            There is no code mixing phenomenon which include in intra-sentential in Net Mediatama Indonesia fan fage.
Code mixing that occurs at Net Mediatama Indonesia fan page:
These are the data that I have collected at Net Mediatama Indonesia fan fage, namely:
a.       Malam ini akan ada penampilan spektakuler dari D'Masiv, Andien, Keith Martin, Sandy Sandoro, Fatin, Petra Sihombing dan Luanada hanya di  "GEBYAR BCA SECRET GARDEN" Sabtu, 25 April 2015 pkl. 20.00 WIB. Live Streaming [Intra-Lexical Mixing] di: ..... (25 April pukul 11:00)
b.      Mas Adi nyebelin banget hahaha!!! #‎TetanggaMasaGitu " Ya Udah kalau kamu ga mau pulang, jangan lupa transfer [Intra-Lexical Mixing] uang jajan aku ya " (24 April pukul 21:00)
c.       Waiting List [Intra-Lexical Mixing] sih suatu hal wajar, mengingat animo masyarakat yg tinggi akan satu ibadah ini. (24 April pukul 23:34)
d.      Saat syuting [Involving a Change of Pronunciation] pasangan satu ini selalu aja ngegemesin. Ini nih kita kasih lihat kamu Behind The Scene [Intra-Lexical Mixing] Bintang dan Bastian di beberapa adegan. #‎TetanggaMasaGitu (27 April pukul 19:30)
e.       #Ridwan_Kamil is the best .... [Intra-Lexical Mixing] Smga Kota Bandung smakin maju lagi... (24 April pukul 18:14)
f.       Share [Intra-Lexical Mixing]sebanyak banyak nya untuk aksi 20 mei. (24 April pukul 16:00)
g.      Copas [Intra-Lexical Mixing] ts [Intra-Lexical Mixing] ku ini wahai saudara kami di Mahasiswa - jika akun ini di banned [Intra-Lexical Mixing] carilah aku - Rowan Khalid / NU Garis Lurus (24 April pukul 16:00)
h.      udah tayang kok check [Intra-Lexical Mixing] di channel youtubenya [Intra-Lexical Mixing] ya (24 April pukul 18:26)
i.        Kemudian dia mengambil diploma di Kanada di bidang Film dan Special Effects [Intra-Lexical Mixing]. (24 April pukul 10:00)
j.        KAA menjadi wadah bertukar pikiran sekaligus simbol [Involving a Change of Pronunciation] konkrit [Involving a Change of Pronunciation] solidaritas antar bangsa Asia-Afrika. (24 April pukul 11:30)
k.      Kita punya program baru nih namanya Celebrity Lipsync Combat. Penasaran seperti apa check [Intra-Lexical Mixing] promonya di link [Intra-Lexical Mixing] ini : (23 April pukul 18:32)
l.        apa slot [Intra-Lexical Mixing] tayangan udah penuh? ( 23 April pukul 18:33)
m.    Uplod doong eps 4 sama 5 nya jangan 2 minggu sekali kelamaan nanti keburu galau hahaha (23 April pukul 17:58)
n.      Coba tebak posisi berapa bajaj Red Bull sekarang ? (Foto by [Intra-Lexical Mixing] : iqmaltahir.wordpress) (23 April pukul 15:30)
o.      Minions karakter kuning menggemaskan yang filmnya booming [Intra-Lexical Mixing] di tahun 2010 dan 2013 silam ini. (23 April pukul 10:00)
p.      Simak informasi selengkapnya di link [Intra-Lexical Mixing] berikut : (22 April pukul 22:00)
q.      Biasanya musik barat melulu tuh yang cover [Intra-Lexical Mixing], mentang-mentang pembawa acaranya lebih doyan ngomong pake bahasa inggris!? (22 April pukul 14:34)
Conclusion
There many code mixing occurs in Net Mediatama Indonesia fan page in facebook. There are three types of code mixing, namely; Intra-lexical meaning, involving a change of pronunciation, and intra-sentential. There is involving a change of pronunciation occurs in Net Mediatama Indonesia fan page, and the most occur is intra-lexical meaning, but there is no intra-sentential occurs in Net Mediatama Indonesia fan fage.













References
v  https://www.facebook.com/netmediatamaindonesia?fref=nf
v  www.lingref.com/isb/4/039ISB4.PDF
v  www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Codemixing
v  www.aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v14n3/v14n3a3.pdf
v  soar.wichita.edu/.../t11060_Brezjanovic%20Shogren.pdf
v  www.books.google.com.pk/books/about/Bilingual_Speech
v  “Bilingualism in Cicero? The evidence of Code-Switching” In Bilingualism in Ancient Society. 28-167
v  Bilingualism in Ancient Society. Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford: Oxford UP
v  www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/issues/2007/21-2.pdf
v  www.grin.com/en/e-book/92496/code-switching-and-code-mixing
v  www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue3/issue3pdfs/pdftinabennett-kastor.pdf
v  jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30027655?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101564056737
v  Florian Coulmas The Handbook of Sociolinguistics Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics 1998.pdf
v  originalresearch.blog.uns.ac.id/reasons-and-motivations-for-code-mixing.pdf
v  Class Lectures & Notes Provided  By Teacher
v  www.sscs.arts.uwa.edu.au

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