Thursday 11 July 2013

HISTORY OF BANI ISRAIL


HISTORY OF BANI ISRAIL
Bani  Israel (Arabic: بنو إسرائيل, Banu Israel) is the name for the family of the house of Israel Israel. This title is also the name used in the Qur'an when referring to the same thing, God often call Yaqub (Jacob English) by the name of Israel, the children and grandchildren called the Children of Israel. A letter in the Qur'an surah Al Israa 'also has another name which is widely known as the letter of the Children of Israel. The descendants of Isaac's son Esau first called Bani Ishaq.
Etymology.
The sentence comes from Bani Bani Israel in Arabic means descent and Israel are two sentences composed and said Isra means servant / friend close and El means God. Then the meaning of Israel are servants of God or a close friend of God. And in most Semitic languages, not only in Hebrew, the word of God El is always meaningful.
In the other sources say that Israel has the meaning of "walking in the prophecy." Because the story according to some sources, Yaqub often travel at night the day, because if he is to travel during the day, he was afraid to be found and tortured by his brother.
Genealogy.
Of four of his wives Jacob had 12 sons, namely Rubin, Simeon, Lawway, Yahuda, Zebulaon, Issachar, Dann, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph, and Benjamin.
The sons of Ya'qub is what is the origin of the term birth of the Children of Israel. They and their descendants are called as Al-Asbath, which means the grandkids. Sibith the Jewish nation is like a tribe for the Arabs and those who are in a sibith derived from the father. Each child Jacob later became the father of sibith Children of Israel. Then all the children of Israel came from the sons of Jacob, amounting to 12 people.
In this sibith-sibith later revealed the other prophets, among them are:
Levi, in his descendants are Moses, Aaron, Elijah, and Elisha.
Judah, in the offspring are David, Solomon, Zachariah, Yahya, Isa.
Brother, Jonah found in the offspring.
Character of the Israelites.
By Israel Bani properties described in the Qur'an as a man most stubborn, rebellious, pessimistic, covetous of the world, a coward, like insulting, mocking the prophet, as in sura Al-Ahzab: 69. Allah says:
"O ye who believe you must not be like those who hurt Moses." (Al-Ahzab: 69) "
Moses and the children of Israel (splitting the red sea)
Has shown some miracles by prophets Moses, Jesus and others. They still do not admit the truth about the teachings brought by the prophets. Assassination is not uncommon in the history of the Israelites, even their prophets, like Zakariyya and Yahya was killed. They also thought they had managed to kill him and proud of his efforts.
During Joseph has the power in Egypt, the Israelites were grown from seventy to three million people. Among them are hundreds of thousands of Jews from Judah's descendants were on average smart-witted but most of the nation has such a bad temper, miserliness, pride, worldliness, eager to master other nations, ashabiyah (fanatic), cruel and so forth.
Moses insulting.
Moses never insulted by the Israelites that Moses had a skin disease and have big testes, Moses never shared bathroom with them because Moses is described as a shy person. Proved after the stone that brings the story of Moses, who was bathing clothes, they just believe in Moses as a healthy person. This story is listed in one of the surah Al-Ahzab 33:69, which reads,
"O ye who believe, do not be like those who hurt Moses, God-tusduhan rid it of accusations that they say. And is he a man who has a respectable position in the sight of Allah. (Al-Ahzab 33:69) "
Prohibition of Palestinian land for the Children of Israel for 40 years.
When God reveals His command to Moses to lead his people to go to Palestine, the holy place which had been promised by God to Abraham to be the residence of his descendants, they rebelled and was reluctant to implement the command. Reason for their refusal is because they have to face Kana'an tribe that supposedly they are the people who are strong and powerful that can not be defeated and expelled by the power struggle. They do not believe in the promise of God through Moses, that with his help they will be able to drive out of town Ariha Kan'aan tribe to be a place of their settlement forever.
Among the Children of Israel, there are 2 people who advised them to be cautious in from the entrance to the city so that they could win. But the Children of Israel rejected that advice and catapult to Moses sentence that shows defiance and cowardice, "Go thou with thy Lord and fight, while we wait here."
Seeing the cowardly attitude of his people, then rose pitamlah Moses to his people who do not want to struggle and sweat to get a place but want to get them for settlement or through a miracle gift as they have experienced it and a lot of events. And the sad heart the words of Moses was mocking them, which indicates that their breasts are still not clean from the seeds of kufr and shirk to Allah. So that the Bani Israil were punished for having refused God's command to enter Palestine, God forbid it on their land for forty years and during that time they will wander wander over the earth God without having a fixed habitation place. They live in limbo until musnahlah them all and came following a new generation that will inherit the holy land as has been disanggupkan by God to Abraham. The story above is listed in the Qur'an sura Al-Ma'ida: 20-26.
Change Commandments
When they will enter the village in Baitul Maqdis promised and utter prostration while begging forgiveness, but they change the order by way of creeping in the ass and say hinthah, the "grain of wheat or beans in a strand of hair.". "And (remember), when We said: "Enter ye into the country (Baitul Maqdis), and eat of his produce, which is much more palatable where you like, and enter the gate while prostrate, and say:" Deliver us from sin ", We shall forgive faults, and later we will add (giving Us) to those who do good. "And the people who do wrong to replace the command with (doing) is not commanded them. So We sent down upon the unjust from the sky, because they have been wickedly rebellious. (Al-Baqarah 2:58-59) "
Reluctant to implement the law.
Children of Israel are reluctant to enforce laws contained in the Torah that God lifted the mountain Tursina to take a firm agreement.
"And (remember) when We took a promise from you and we lift hill (Mount Sinai) above you (while We said):" Hold firm and strong, what We have given you and listen! "They said: 'We hear but do not obey . "And have their hearts absorbed (the worship of) the calf because of their disbelief. Say: "It is wicked deeds that have been commanded thee faith if you truly believe in (the Torah). (Al-Baqarah 2:93) "
Unless they believe not see God directly.
"And (remember) when you said:" O Moses, we will not believe you until we see Allah manifestly, therefore you are struck by lightning, you are being watched. "(Al-Baqarah 2:55)"
"People of the Book ask thee that thou bring down to them a book from heaven. Then indeed they asked Moses bigger than that. They said: "Show a real God to us." So they were struck by lightning because kezalimannya, and they worshiped the calf, after coming to their tangible evidence, then we forgive (them) from the case. And We gave unto Moses the real information. (An-Nissa 4:153) "
Accused him of making fun of them.
When they were told to slaughter cows, to indicate who had killed one of them. "And (remember) when Musa said to his people:" Verily, Allah tells you to slaughter a cow. "They said: 'Do you want to make our fruit ridicule? "Moses replied:" I seek refuge in Allah from becoming one of those people that ignorant. (Al-Baqarah 2:67) "
Al-authored the book with their hands.
-They have fabricated al-kitab and they say this is from Allah.
"Then woe to those who write the Book with their own hands and then say:" This is from Allah ", (with intent) to gain a little with the deed. So woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they do. (Al-Baqarah 2:79) "
-Claiming that the original revelation is read
"Surely there is a party of them twirling the Book with their tongues, that ye may think that it is from the Book, but it is not from the Book, and they say:" He (who reads it comes) from Allah ", but it is not from Allah. They tell a lie against Allah while they know. (Al-'Imran 3:78) "
Change the Word of God.
"Do you still expect them to believe you, but a party of them heard the word of God, then they change it after they had understood it, knowingly? (Al-Baqarah 2:75) "
Worshiping the calf (musa story Samiri).
This worship occurs as they left Moses received revelation in the form of the Torah, one of the followers of Moses are still influenced mystique of ancient Egypt trying to make a statue of a cow, and then ordered him to worship the statue.
"And (remember) when We promise to Moses (Torah gives, after) and forty nights, then you took the calf (gods) after him and you are the ones who do wrong. (Al-Baqarah 2: 51) "
"Surely Moses had come to bring clear proofs (miracles), then you make the calf (as gods) after (departure) it, and in fact you are the ones who do wrong. (Al-Baqarah 2: 92) "
Said God Hand tied (miserly).
"The Jews say:" Allah's hand tied ", in fact they were shackled hand and caused dila'nat they are what they say it is. (Not so), but both the open hand of God; She spend as He wills. And the Quran revealed unto thee from thy Lord will indeed add to lawlessness and disbelief for most of them. And We have caused enmity and hatred amongst them till the Day of Judgment. Every time they kindle the fire of war Allah extinguished it and they do mischief on the earth, and Allah loveth not those who do mischief. (Al Maa'idah 5:64) "

God accused Faqir.
"Verily Allah has heard perkatan people who say:" Allah is precisely the poor and we are rich. "We will record their words and deeds that they killed the prophets unjustly, and We shall say (to them):" Taste ye doom of burning. "(Al-'Imran 3:181)"
God told Moses and fight for them.
"They said:" O Moses, we will not enter it at all once for ever, while they are on it, so you go with your Lord, and fight ye two, actually we're just sitting here waiting for it. "(Al-Maa ' waiting time 5:24) "
Story of Isa (Conspiracy rabbi).
The rabbis have devised a plot to get rid of Jesus. They want to expel Isa and prove that Jesus came to destroy the law of Moses. Shari'a Moses decided to stone an adulterous woman. The rabbis bring one eligible woman stoned. They gathered around Jesus and asked him: "Do not set the law to stone a woman to blame?" Jesus replied: "Yes," they said: "This is the woman is at fault." Jesus looked at her and she saw the rabbi. Jesus knew that the Jewish priests more than the woman's fault.
The priest was waiting for an answer Isa. If she says that she was not entitled to be killed, then it means that he opposed the law of Moses, and if he says that he is entitled to be killed, then he is destroying himself who brought law of love and tolerance.
Isa understand that this is a conspiracy that will set him up, then he smiled and his face was glowing. Then he saw the rabbi and the woman, and said: "Those of you who do not have a fault, then he shall stone her." Jesus set the new rules relating to the law imposed on those who do wrong. In Islamic law, taught Let those who have done no wrong to punish the wrong people and are not entitled to any of the human person to punish the guilty if he himself still has its faults, but it is God who must punish him.
Defamation of Bani Israel.
As Jesus continued to preach God's treatise, the Children of Israel to know the signs that it is not profitable. So the Children of Israel also took a stroll with slander Isa. It is said that Jesus is said to have the power as a witch and as a man who would change the law and they attribute his incredible strength to the power of the devil. When they no longer have the guile could cripple Isa and they see people who are weak and poor people gathered around him, then they started making a plot, which they began to influence the Romans. When the Jews were successful fighting Jesus, then they took the decision to remove life of Jesus.
Begin the chief rabbis discuss to make a conclusion on their way to arrest Jesus did not menirnbulkan noise in the middle of society. When the Jewish leaders consulted, then one of the disciples of the Messiah, the twelve, went to them, namely al-Iskhariyutha Yahuda, by asking a number of benefits. But in the end they could not kill Jesus.
Name of the Jewish children of israel and their origins.
Most historians agree that the naming of the Children of Israel with the "Hebrew" because Abraham crossing events crossing the Euphrates. This opinion is reinforced by what is contained in the Book of Joshua:
"Thus says the Lord of Israel crossing the river, where your ancestors lived since time immemorial, and the father of Abraham and father Nahur, worshiping other gods. So I brought Abraham to cross the river and walk on the ground Kana'an. "14)
Magazine al-'Arabi Kuwait contains an article written by the Reverend Isaac Ma'nâ at Salka with the title al-li-Tasmiyât Syu'ub ats-as-Sâmiyah Tsalâtsah al-Kubra "(The meaning of names Semitic Nation Big Three). In these writings he says, "The name (Hebrew) does not appear until after Abraham crossing the river Euphrates. "15) This opinion is an opinion that is closest to the truth than the opinions of others.
While the term "People of Israel (Isra'iliyyIn)" or "Children of Israel" is a term that is attributed to their father, Israel, Jacob ibn Ibrahim ibn Ishak Israel is a sentence composed and two words: Isra, which means servant or a close friend, and el, which means God. Then the meaning of Israel are servants of God or a close friend of God. And in most Semitic languages, not only in Hebrew, the word of God El is always meaningful '16)
Jacob a U.S. had twelve sons. Al-Quran mention the story of Jacob and his sons at various places, including in the surah Al-Baqarah verse 133:
"Are you present when Jacob's arrival (the signs) death, when he said to his sons, 'What do you worship after me?' They replied," We will worship your God and the God of your fathers Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, (ie ) God Almighty and we submit to Him. "
While naming them with "Jewish" appear when they repent and worship the calf. They said, "Verily we return (repent) to you." (Surah A1-A'raf: 156) That is, we repent and we get back to you.
According to a history, they are called Jews kareiia they were moving (yatahawwad) when reading the Torah. According to another report, they are called Jews because it is attributed to Judah, the fourth son of Jacob as, whose real name is Yehuza, a leader for the other eleven children of Jacob. Some scientists justify a mi. '17)
Dr.. Jawwad Ali said, "The term 'Jew' has a wider meaning than the term 'Hebrew' and 'Children of Israel'. This is because the term 'Jew', in addition pinned to the Hebrews, also attributed to the non-Hebrews who embraced the Jewish religion. "18)
While the origins of the Jewish, they include Semitic. Some observers of Near Eastern languages ​​found some clear similarities between them and other Semitic peoples, such as the Babylonians, Assyrians, Kana'an, Aram, Habasyah, Nabath, Arabic and others. 19) They come and Ibrahim, who has a special status for the three major world religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Ibrahim a U.S. is one of the great prophets in human history, as he struggles to bring the deity of monotheism and faith. His whole life was a series of sacrifice and sincerity in the way of his Lord. If we look at the verses of the Quran, we will find there some major events in the struggle to realize the faith of Abraham in the midst of his people, which is done with all the courage, based on rational argument and self-sacrifice.
Al-Quran as if asking us to pay attention to some moment. Ibrahim nature of a U.S. Allah says, "Verily Ibahim is a priest who can be a role model." (Surat an-Nahl: 120) He alone is "the people" who have all the attributes glorious and sublime. The Quran also says Ibrahim as, "Obedient to God." (Surat an-Nahi: 120) That is a humility, surrender, obedience and love the Lord God of hosts. God also was saying to Abraham, "Hanif (inclined to goodness). And occasionally he is not among those who mensekutukan (God). "(Surah AnNahl: 120) That is a Oneness of Allah and sincerity to Him. God also said to, "(Again) is grateful for the favors of Allah." (Surat an-Nahl: 121) That is the one who always thankful for the blessings and gifts of God. Allah also said the grand nature of every prophet, "Tell (O Muhammad) in the story of Ibrahim al-Kitab (al-Qurcin) this. Indeed it is a very justify a prophet. "(Surah Maryam: 41) A confirmation of the honesty and depth of his words. Allah also says the nicest properties among other properties, a trait that needs every man and his brother, another man, the nature of the mandate. Allah says, "And Abraham which the promise is always perfect." (Surat an-Najm: 37) That is a mandate, to fulfill all the commandments of God and obedience to every value and belief. Therefore, the noble prophet mi right to hold the gift of God: "God had chosen him and show him the right path." (Surat an-Nahi: 121)
History of the Hebrews/Israelites/Jews from the time of Abraham (2000 BCE) to 1650 CE.

According to the Torah, Abraham is called the first Hebrew, and the father of the Hebrews.  As it says in Genesis 14:13, "And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram the Hebrew; for he dwelt in the plain of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner: and these [were] confederate with Abram."  Also according to the Torah, Abraham's birth-name was Abram and Allah switched it to Abraham.  Genesis 17:5, "Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee."  Abraham became the father of 9 great nations (through his 8 sons) who begat other nations.  The first being the Arab nation of Ishmael. Genesis 25:12-16, "Now these [are] the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bare unto Abraham:  And these [are] the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam,  And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa,  Hadar, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah:  These [are] the sons of Ishmael, and these [are] their names, by their towns, and by their castles; twelve princes according to their nations." The second nation is the  Roman nation of Esau (Edom) who was the other son of Isaac.  The third being the Hebrew nation of Jacob (The 12 Tribes of Israel).  The other 6 nations are the sons of Keturah, the wife he took after Sarah died, that he sent to the east (India, etc.).  Genesis 25:1-2, "Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name [was] Keturah.  And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah."  Genesis 25:5-6, "And Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac.  But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country."

There is an evolution of names for the Hebrews (the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob).  THE TWELVE SONS OF JACOB (Genesis 29:31-30:24; 35:16-26):
· Sons of Leah: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun
· Sons of Rachel: Joseph and Benjamin
· Sons of Bilhah (Rachel's handmaid): Dan and Naphtali
· Sons of Zilpah (Leah's handmaid): Gad and Asher

The twelve sons of Jacob became known as the Children of Israel, as Jacob was later called.  Genesis 32:28, " And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed."  Prophet Joseph, (Jacob's son), had 2 sons of his own, Manasseh and Ephraim, each of them became a tribe of Israel.  All of the 12 tribes received a portion in the land of Israel, except Levi who was scattered amongst all of the 12 tribes.  As it says in Joshua 14:4, "For the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim: therefore they gave no part unto the Levites in the land, save cities to dwell [in], with their suburbs for their cattle and for their substance." See the 
map of the inheritance of Israel's Sons in the Promised Land.

The origin of the name 
Jews is given below.  Because all Jews are Hebrews, Jews casually refer to all past Hebrews as Jews.  So as the Qur'an says in 3.65: "Ye People of the Book! Why dispute ye about Abraham, when the Torah (Law) and the Gospel Were not revealed Till after him? Have ye no understanding?" and in 3.67: "Abraham was not a Jew nor yet a Christian; but he was true in Faith, and bowed his will to Allah's (Which is Islam), and he joined not gods with Allah."  And Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 77, Number 597: Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "No child is born but has the Islamic Faith (submitting to God), but its parents turn it into a Jew or a Christian."  On the technical level, Jews know that Abraham was not called a Jew, but was called a Hebrew.  It is only because Hebrews are now called Jews that Abraham is referred to by the Jews as the first Jew.  If all Jews were referred to as Hebrews right now, Jews (or Hebrews) would refer to Abraham as the first Hebrew, which he was.

Qur'an 5.20-26, "Remember Moses said to his people: "O my people! Call in remembrance the favour of Allah unto you, when He produced prophets among you, made you kings, and gave you what He had not given to any other among the peoples. "O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." They said: "O Moses! In this land are a people of exceeding strength: Never shall we enter it until they leave it: if (once) they leave, then shall we enter." (But) among (their) Allah-fearing men were two on whom Allah had bestowed His grace: They said: "Assault them at the (proper) Gate: when once ye are in, victory will be yours; But on Allah put your trust if ye have faith." They said: "O Moses! while they remain there, never shall we be able to enter, to the end of time. Go thou, and thy Lord, and fight ye two, while we sit here (and watch)." He said: "O my Lord! I have power only over myself and my brother: so separate us from this rebellious people!" Allah said: "Therefore will the land be out of their reach for forty years: In distraction will they wander through the land: But sorrow thou not over these rebellious people."
Qur'an 7.137: "And We made a people (the Bani Israel), considered weak (and of no account), inheritors of lands in both east and west, - lands whereon We sent down Our blessings. The fair promise of thy Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel, because they had patience and constancy, and We levelled to the ground the great works and fine buildings which Pharaoh and his people erected (with such pride)."

When Moses died in what is now called Jordan, his successor Prophet Joshua (Yusha bin Nun) led the Israelites into the land of Canaan in roughly 1300 BCE and defeated the 7 nations living there with the help of Allah.  They brought the ark of the covenant (the stone tablets given to Moses) to Hebron and put them in a tabernacle (tent).  King David in roughly 1000 BCE ruled the Kingdom of Israel made up of the 12 tribes and wanted to establish his capitol in Jerusalem, and so he did and reestablished the tabernacle on Mt. Moriah.  And that is why Jerusalem is called the city of David.  He also wanted to make a Temple for the ark of the covenant but Allah told him that he had too much blood on his hands because he was a warrior, seeing as though he was always fighting neighboring nations who were attacking the Kingdom of Israel (such as Jalut and the Philistines).  Allah told him that his son Solomon would be the one to build the Temple.

And so then Prophet Solomon built the Holy Temple (Bait ul Maqdis) in Jerusalem on Mt.Moriah in roughly 965 BCE and established the worship of the One God for all the 12 tribes.  When he died after ruling for 40 years, the 
Kingdom of Israel split into 2, the northern Kingdom of 10 tribes (It consisted of nine landed tribes: Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Manaseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad, and some of Levi [which had no land allocation]), retaining the name Israel with Samaria as its capital. And the southern Kingdom of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin, and part of the tribe of Levi going by the name of Judea has Jerusalem as its capital.  In 721 BCE, the Assyrians came and destroyed the Northern Kingdom of Israel and they became known as the 10 lost tribes, because no one knows what happend to them.

Qur'an 17.4-8: "And We gave (Clear) Warning to the Children of Israel in the Book, that twice would they do mischief on the earth and be elated with mighty arrogance (and twice would they be punished)!  When the first of the warnings came to pass, We sent against you Our servants given to terrible warfare (the Babylonians): They entered the very inmost parts of your homes; and it was a warning (completely) fulfilled.  Then did We grant you the Return as against them: We gave you increase in resources and sons, and made you the more numerous in man-power.  If ye did well, ye did well for yourselves; if ye did evil, (ye did it) against yourselves. So when the second of the warnings came to pass, (We permitted your enemies (the Romans)), to disfigure your faces, and to enter your Temple as they had entered it before, and to visit with destruction all that fell into their power.  It may be that your Lord may (yet) show Mercy unto you; but if ye revert (to your sins), We shall revert (to Our punishments): And we have made Hell a prison for those who reject (all Faith)."



Qur'an 17.104: "And We said unto the Children of Israel after him: Dwell in the land; but when the promise of the Hereafter cometh to pass We shall bring you as a crowd gathered out of various nations."

In 586 BCE, the Babylonians ("the first of the warnings") came and destroyed the Temple of Solomon and exiled the Judeans to Babylon.  As the Psalmist writes, "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, we also wept, when we remembered Zion.We hung our lyres on the willows in its midst. For there those who carried us away captive required of us a song; and those who tormented us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. How shall we sing the Lord's song in a foreign land? If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning.If I do not remember you, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I do not set Jerusalem above my highest joy." (Psalms 137:1-6)  It was during this time that the Babylonians starting calling the Judeans, Jews for short, and their religion became known as Judaism. In 516 BCE, after Cyrus the Persian defeated the Babylonians, he commissioned the Jews to go back to Jerusalem and rebuid the temple.  As the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) says, "In the first year of Cyrus, king of Persia, upon the conclusion of the Lord's prophecy, by the mouth of Jeremiah, the Lord aroused the spirit of Cyrus, king of Persia, and he issued a proclamation throughout his kingdom - and in writing as well, saying, "Thus said Cyrus the King of Persia, 'All the kingdoms of the earth has the Lord, God of heaven, given to me and He has commanded me to build him a Temple in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whoever is among you of His entire people - may his God be with him - and let him go to Jerusalem which is in Judah and build the Temple of the Lord..." (Ezra 1:3)  And so under the leadership of Ezra (Uzair), they returned and rebuilt the Temple.  This was in fulfillment of the Prophet Jeremiah who prophecized, ""And this whole land [of Israel] shall be a ruin, and a waste, and these nations [the tribes of Israel] shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. And it shall come to pass, when the seventy years are fulfilled, that I will punish the king of Babylon ..." (Jeremiah 25:11-12)  and "For thus said the Lord, "After seventy years for Babylonia have been completed, I will attend to you, and I will fulfill for you My favorable promise -- to return you to this place (the land of Israel)." (Jeremiah 29:10).

During the next 500 years, the Jews would go through many trials and tribulations by invading pagan armies, such as the Persians, the Syrians, the Greeks, and the Romans.  Finally in 70 CE, forty years after Jesus, and after the Jews had revolted against Roman occupation of Judea, the Romans ("the second of the warnings") destroyed the second Temple.  Then in 135 CE, the Jews revolted again and when they were defeated, the Romans exiled them out of Jerusalem and Judea into the vast Roman Empire.  It was at this time that the Pagan Roman Emporer Hadrian renamed Judea to Palestina after the Israelites long time enemies (the Philistines) in an attempt to disassociate the land from the Jews.

On Mt. Sinai, Prophet Moses had been given a written Torah and an oral Torah (the Mishnah).  The written Torah is the equivalent to the Qur'an and the oral Torah is the equivalent to the Hadith which are explanations of the written Torah and how to implement it in your life.  For example, the Qur'an tells you to pray but not how to pray.  The Hadith goes into the details of teaching you how to pray.  Another example, the Qur'an says that a woman should cover her body and be modest but does not give the details, the hadith tells her exactly what she needs to cover.  The same is with the Torah and the Mishnah.

It was at about 200 CE that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi decided to committ to writing the Oral Torah (Mishnah) that had been given to Moses and passed down through the generations orally by memorization, so as to prevent it from being forgotten in the diaspora.  By the beginning of the 5th century, there were 2 main centers of Jewish scholarship, that being in Palestine and of Babylon (Iraq).  It was at this time that Rabbi's in Jersalem wrote a commentary on the Mishnah, called the Gemara, together becoming the Jerusalem Talmud.  And then in the beginning of the 6th century the Rabbi's of Babylon wrote their own commentary on the Mishnah, and that became known as the Babylonian Talmud.  The Babylonian Talmud having more precedence over the Jerusalem Talmud as far as scholarship, that is the one that is studied in the modern day more intensely.

The Mishnah is divided into 6 books.  There is the book of Seeds dealing with agricultural issues and daily prayer.  The book of set feasts handles the ritual requirements of the Sabbath, festivals, and fasts.  The book on women deal with matrimonial law, women's rights and responsibilites, and the laws of divorce and vows.  The book of damages treats many types of civil and criminal law along with a popular ethical guide.  The book on sacred things deals with formal ritual of the Jerusalem Temple.  And finally the book on ritual cleanliness (Tohorot=Taharah) treats various aspects of human, ritual, and food purity.

It was in the early fourth century, that the Roman Empire became Christian under the rule of the Emporer Constantine.  Until this time there had always been a debate within Christendom as to whether Jesus was Divine (trinitarianism) or whether he was just a human Messiah (unitarianism).  The struggle became so intense that it was brought before the Emporer and at the Council of Nicea in 325 CE, Constantine declared the "Holy Trinity" as part of official Christian dogma.  Along with this official declaration of the rejection of  Jewish Christianity, the Gentile Christian world became very hostile to the Jews.  So much so that they forbid Jews from living or visiting Jerusalem and they used the holy Temple Mount as a dung hill.

It was not until the 
Caliph Omar took over the city of Jerusalem in 638 CE from the Christians, that he cleaned off the Temple Mount with his own bare hands, rededicated the site for a place of worship and had the Masjid ul Aqsa built there,  as well as allowing the Jews to live in Jerusalem again.  It was from that time on that the Jews always preferred living under Muslim rule than Christian rule because they were actually given human rights and treated as fellow worshippers of Allah.

Until the early 12th century, roughly 90% of the world's Jewish population lived in Muslim lands (Spain, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Egypt).  It was only when the 
Almohads disrupted the Golden Age of Spain, that Jews starting moving en masse to Germany, Poland, Russia, and the rest of Christian Europe.  For example, Jews did not start going to Poland until 1264 CE!  Following the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492, Jews were welcomed into Ottoman lands by Sultan Bayezid II, who declared: "They tell me that Ferdinand of Spain is a wise man but he is a fool. For he takes his treasure and sends it all to me."  As the Ottoman Empire spread, the Turks came to Israel, and it was the greatest of the Ottoman sultans, known as "Suleiman the Magnificent," who re-built the walls of Jerusalem. It is fascinating that Suleiman is Turkish for Solomon - and that it is his walls that define the Old City of Jerusalem to this day.  At this time many Jews started to return to the Land of Israel.  By 1650, geographically, about half the Jewish population was located in the Middle East, with a high concentration in Turkey and the lands of the Ottoman Empire (like Palestine). And about half in Europe, with a high concentration in Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania.) 
                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                       Nur Habibah (2C-1

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